感到心理上的束缚：社会排斥对紧张性不动的影响。
Feeling psychologically restrained: the effect of social exclusion on tonic immobility.
机构信息
Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Overwaal, Centre for Anxiety Disorders Overwaal, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
出版信息
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2014 Mar 13;5. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.22928. eCollection 2014.
BACKGROUND
A variety of studies have demonstrated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in victims of bullying. Because bullying with only relational aggression, such as social exclusion, does not involve physical aggression that could explain PTSD symptoms, it remains unclear why these relational aggression situations are also linked to PTSD symptoms.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the fear-response tonic immobility (Ti) can occur during social exclusion. Since Ti, as an indicator of peritraumatic dissociation, is an important predictor of PTSD symptoms, we expected that the presence of Ti during social exclusion might contribute to possible explanations of PTSD symptoms in victims of relational aggression.
METHOD
Social exclusion was manipulated by a virtual Cyberball game in which participants were excluded and included by virtual confederates. During the game, Ti was measured, both physiologically (heart rate) and psychologically (subjective symptoms). Also, the underlying concepts of Ti, high levels of fear and psychological restraint (threatened sense of control), were measured.
RESULTS
Excluded participants experienced higher levels of subjective and physiological Ti symptoms (lower heart rates) in comparison to social inclusion. Also, as expected, social exclusion resulted in higher levels of fear and psychological restraint in comparison to social inclusion.
CONCLUSION
Social exclusion can evoke symptoms of Ti, fear, and psychological restraint, which might be important mechanisms to consider in explaining PTSD symptoms after relational forms of bullying in the absence of physical aggression.
LIMITATIONS
The sample only contains healthy, female participants. Whether our results translate to bullying victims of relational aggression is therefore not known. Also, the physiological measurement of Ti (average heart rate) was rather limited and could be expanded in future studies.
背景
多项研究表明，受欺凌者存在创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状。由于仅涉及关系攻击（如社会排斥）的欺凌行为不涉及可以解释 PTSD 症状的身体攻击，因此尚不清楚为什么这些关系攻击情况也与 PTSD 症状有关。
目的
本研究旨在探讨社会排斥期间是否会发生恐惧反应强直不动（Ti）。由于 Ti 作为创伤前解离的指标，是 PTSD 症状的重要预测指标，我们预计社会排斥期间 Ti 的存在可能有助于解释关系攻击受害者的 PTSD 症状。
方法
通过虚拟 Cyberball 游戏来操纵社会排斥，参与者被虚拟同伙排斥和接纳。在游戏过程中，同时测量了 Ti 的生理（心率）和心理（主观症状）指标。此外，还测量了 Ti 的潜在概念，即高水平的恐惧和心理抑制（受到威胁的控制感）。
结果
与社会接纳相比，被排斥的参与者经历了更高水平的主观和生理 Ti 症状（较低的心率）。此外，与社会接纳相比，社会排斥导致更高水平的恐惧和心理抑制，这符合预期。
结论
社会排斥会引发 Ti、恐惧和心理抑制的症状，这可能是解释关系形式的欺凌行为中没有身体攻击但仍出现 PTSD 症状的重要机制。
局限性
该样本仅包含健康的女性参与者。因此，我们的结果是否适用于关系攻击的欺凌受害者尚不清楚。此外，Ti 的生理测量（平均心率）相当有限，未来的研究可以进一步扩展。
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