Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma2Tandy School of Computer Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
JAMA. 2014 May 14;311(18):1883-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.3313.
Concussion and subconcussive impacts have been associated with short-term disrupted cognitive performance in collegiate athletes, but there are limited data on their long-term neuroanatomic and cognitive consequences.
To assess the relationships of concussion history and years of football experience with hippocampal volume and cognitive performance in collegiate football athletes.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional study conducted between June 2011 and August 2013 at a US psychiatric research institute specializing in neuroimaging among collegiate football players with a history of clinician-diagnosed concussion (n = 25), collegiate football players without a history of concussion (n = 25), and non-football-playing, age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (n = 25).
History of clinician-diagnosed concussion and years of football experience.
High-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify brain volumes. Baseline scores on a computerized concussion-related cognitive battery were used for cognitive assessment in athletes.
Players with and without a history of concussion had smaller hippocampal volumes relative to healthy control participants (with concussion: t48 = 7.58; P < .001; mean difference, 1788 μL; 95% CI, 1317-2258 μL; without concussion: t48 = 4.35; P < .001, mean difference, 1027 μL; 95% CI, 556-1498 μL). Players with a history of concussion had smaller hippocampal volumes than players without concussion (t48 = 3.15; P < .001; mean difference, 761 μL; 95% CI, 280-1242 μL). In both athlete groups, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between left hippocampal volume and number of years of football played (t46 = -3.62; P < .001; coefficient = -43.54; 95% CI, -67.66 to -19.41). Behavioral testing demonstrated no differences between athletes with and without a concussion history on 5 cognitive measures but did show an inverse correlation between years of playing football and reaction time (ρ42 = -0.43; 95% CI, -0.46 to -0.40; P = .005).
Among a group of collegiate football athletes, there was a significant inverse relationship of concussion and years of football played with hippocampal volume. Years of football experience also correlated with slower reaction time. Further research is needed to determine the temporal relationships of these findings.
脑震荡和亚脑震荡冲击与大学生运动员短期认知表现受损有关，但关于其长期神经解剖和认知后果的数据有限。
评估脑震荡史和足球经验年限与大学生足球运动员海马体积和认知表现的关系。
设计、地点和参与者：这是一项在美国精神病学研究所进行的横断面研究，该研究专门从事有临床诊断脑震荡的大学生足球运动员的神经影像学研究（n=25）、无脑震荡史的大学生足球运动员（n=25）和无足球运动史、年龄、性别和教育程度匹配的健康对照组（n=25）。
有和没有临床诊断脑震荡史和足球经验年限。
使用高分辨率解剖磁共振成像来量化脑体积。运动员使用计算机化的脑震荡相关认知测试进行认知评估。
有和没有脑震荡史的运动员的海马体体积相对于健康对照组参与者较小（有脑震荡史：t48=7.58；P<0.001；平均差异，1788μL；95%CI，1317-2258μL；无脑震荡史：t48=4.35；P<0.001，平均差异，1027μL；95%CI，556-1498μL）。有脑震荡史的运动员的海马体体积小于没有脑震荡史的运动员（t48=3.15；P<0.001；平均差异，761μL；95%CI，280-1242μL）。在两个运动员组中，左侧海马体体积与足球运动年限呈显著负相关（t46=-3.62；P<0.001；系数=-43.54；95%CI，-67.66 至-19.41）。行为测试表明，有和没有脑震荡史的运动员在 5 项认知测试中没有差异，但确实显示出足球比赛年限与反应时间呈负相关（ρ42=-0.43；95%CI，-0.46 至-0.40；P=0.005）。
在一组大学生足球运动员中，脑震荡和足球运动年限与海马体体积呈显著负相关。足球运动年限也与反应时间较慢相关。需要进一步研究以确定这些发现的时间关系。
