Malinovsky Frederikke G, Fangel Jonatan U, Willats William G T
DNRF Center DynaMo and Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark.
Front Plant Sci. 2014 May 6;5:178. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00178. eCollection 2014.
The battle between plants and microbes is evolutionarily ancient, highly complex, and often co-dependent. A primary challenge for microbes is to breach the physical barrier of host cell walls whilst avoiding detection by the plant's immune receptors. While some receptors sense conserved microbial features, others monitor physical changes caused by an infection attempt. Detection of microbes leads to activation of appropriate defense responses that then challenge the attack. Plant cell walls are formidable and dynamic barriers. They are constructed primarily of complex carbohydrates joined by numerous distinct connection types, and are subject to extensive post-synthetic modification to suit prevailing local requirements. Multiple changes can be triggered in cell walls in response to microbial attack. Some of these are well described, but many remain obscure. The study of the myriad of subtle processes underlying cell wall modification poses special challenges for plant glycobiology. In this review we describe the major molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the roles of cell walls in plant defense against pathogen attack. In so doing, we also highlight some of the challenges inherent in studying these interactions, and briefly describe the analytical potential of molecular probes used in conjunction with carbohydrate microarray technology.
植物与微生物之间的斗争在进化史上由来已久，极其复杂，且往往相互依存。微生物面临的一个主要挑战是突破宿主细胞壁的物理屏障，同时避免被植物的免疫受体检测到。虽然一些受体能感知保守的微生物特征，但其他受体则监测感染企图引起的物理变化。对微生物的检测会导致激活适当的防御反应，进而对抗攻击。植物细胞壁是强大且动态的屏障。它们主要由通过多种不同连接方式连接的复杂碳水化合物构成，并会进行广泛的合成后修饰以适应当时的局部需求。响应微生物攻击，细胞壁会引发多种变化。其中一些变化已得到充分描述，但许多仍不清楚。对细胞壁修饰背后无数微妙过程的研究给植物糖生物学带来了特殊挑战。在这篇综述中，我们描述了细胞壁在植物抵御病原体攻击中发挥作用的主要分子和细胞机制。在此过程中，我们还强调了研究这些相互作用所固有的一些挑战，并简要描述了与碳水化合物微阵列技术结合使用的分子探针的分析潜力。
