Strategies utilized by plants to defend against .

, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, is recognized as one of the most destructive vascular pathogens. Plant defense responses are gradually developed through long-term interactions with . The plant cell wall integrity (CWI) system has evolved to initiate defense responses via a diverse array of plasma membrane-resident sensors. These defense responses result primarily from physical and chemical actions that counteract infection with . The plant cell wall serves as a defensive barrier against the pathogen, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and suberin. Various modifications to the cell wall and multiple changes in its composition are employed by plants resistant to . Physical confinement vertically or horizontally induced in xylem tissues is the most effective method of defense against . The timely formation of tyloses and gels within the vessel lumen contributes to the suppression of . In addition, the deposition of callose at the infected sites reinforces the cell wall, thereby preventing the further spread of . Morphological modifications, such as the thickening of the pit membranes and the increased number of larger xylem vessels, play crucial roles in conferring resistance to . Secondary metabolites act as phytoalexins used by plants against . In this review, we discuss the strategies deployed by plants resistant to . In particular, we outline the physical and chemical restrictions, as well as the tissue constraints, against the vascular pathogen.