Ecological Engineering Research Program, School of Engineering & Computer Science, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Ecological Engineering Research Program, School of Engineering & Computer Science, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2014 Jun 30;275:37-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.040. Epub 2014 Apr 25.
Hydraulic fracturing (HF), a method to enhance oil and gas production, has become increasingly common throughout the U.S. As such, it is important to characterize the chemicals found in HF fluids to evaluate potential environmental fate, including fate in treatment systems, and human health impacts. Eighty-one common HF chemical additives were identified and categorized according to their functions. Physical and chemical characteristics of these additives were determined using publicly available chemical information databases. Fifty-five of the compounds are organic and twenty-seven of these are considered readily or inherently biodegradable. Seventeen chemicals have high theoretical chemical oxygen demand and are used in concentrations that present potential treatment challenges. Most of the HF chemicals evaluated are non-toxic or of low toxicity and only three are classified as Category 2 oral toxins according to standards in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals; however, toxicity information was not located for thirty of the HF chemicals evaluated. Volatilization is not expected to be a significant exposure pathway for most HF chemicals. Gaps in toxicity and other chemical properties suggest deficiencies in the current state of knowledge, highlighting the need for further assessment to understand potential issues associated with HF chemicals in the environment.
水力压裂（HF）是一种提高石油和天然气产量的方法，在美国已经越来越普遍。因此，描述 HF 流体中发现的化学物质以评估其潜在的环境归宿，包括在处理系统中的归宿和对人类健康的影响，是很重要的。我们确定了 81 种常见的 HF 化学添加剂，并根据它们的功能进行了分类。这些添加剂的物理化学特性是使用公开的化学信息数据库确定的。其中 55 种化合物是有机的，其中 27 种被认为是易于生物降解或固有生物降解的。有 17 种化学物质具有高理论需氧量，且其浓度存在潜在的处理挑战。评估的大多数 HF 化学物质是非毒性或低毒性的，只有三种根据《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》中的标准被归类为 2 类口服毒素；然而，对于评估的 30 种 HF 化学物质，并没有找到毒性和其他化学性质方面的信息。对于大多数 HF 化学物质来说，挥发不是一个重要的暴露途径。毒性和其他化学性质方面的差距表明目前的知识状态存在缺陷，这突显了需要进一步评估以了解 HF 化学物质在环境中可能存在的问题。
