Jones R B
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JS, Great Britain.
Behav Processes. 1977 Dec;2(4):315-23. doi: 10.1016/0376-6357(77)90002-X.
Male domestic chicks were reared in groups with distinctive cues (red crosses) placed on the walls of the home boxes from 2 to 7 d of age and their subsequent behaviour in an open field in the presence or absence of the familiar rearing cues was recorded. Ambulation, peeping, pecking, jumping and standing were all significantly higher and the latency to the first step, duration of freezing, sitting time, lying time and time spent with the eyes closed were significantly lower when the familiar rearing cues were present in the test situation. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that the birds are less fearful in the presence of familiar stimuli. The presence of the familiar cues also increased the time spent feeding and drinking. The preference effect was a specific one, for birds exposed to red crosses in early life preferred such stimuli to black circles in a subsequent two-choice situation, whereas chicks reared with black circles preferred them to red crosses. There was no generalisation of attachment from one stimulus to the other. As the chicks spent more time feeding and drinking in the presence of the familiar cues, it is assumed that fear was reduced. Thus, the results tend to confirm that the frequency of certain behaviour patterns is indicative of certain levels of fear.
雄性雏鸡从2日龄到7日龄成群饲养，育雏箱的墙壁上放置有独特的提示物（红色十字），并记录它们随后在有无熟悉的饲养提示物的情况下在开阔场地中的行为。当测试环境中存在熟悉的饲养提示物时，行走、唧叫、啄食、跳跃和站立的次数均显著增加，而第一步的潜伏期、静止时间、坐立时间、躺卧时间和闭眼时间则显著减少。这些观察结果与鸟类在熟悉的刺激物存在时恐惧程度较低的观点一致。熟悉的提示物的存在也增加了进食和饮水的时间。偏好效应是特定的，早期接触红色十字的鸟类在随后的二选一情境中更喜欢这种刺激物而非黑色圆圈，而用黑色圆圈饲养的雏鸡则更喜欢黑色圆圈而非红色十字。依恋不会从一种刺激物泛化到另一种刺激物。由于雏鸡在熟悉的提示物存在时花费更多时间进食和饮水，因此推测恐惧程度降低了。因此，结果倾向于证实某些行为模式的频率表明了特定程度的恐惧。
