Kral K
Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
Behav Processes. 1998 Apr;43(1):71-7. doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(98)00007-2.
In the case of a visual field comprised of stationary objects, retinal image motion and motion parallax initiated by the observer can be used to determine the absolute and relative distance of objects. The principle is simple: when the observer moves, the retinal images of objects close to the eye are displaced more quickly-and through a larger angle-than are the retinal images of more distant objects. It is remarkable that not only in humans, but throughout the animal kingdom, from primates down to insects, retinal image motion and motion parallax generated with the aid of head movements is used as a means of distance estimation. In the case of praying mantids, translatory side-to-side movements of the head in a horizontal plane are performed to determine the jump distance to stationary objects. The relevant parameter for determining the distance to the object is the speed of retinal image motion. The motion of the head must, however, also be monitored. This requires a multisensory regulatory circuit. Motion parallax information seems to be mediated by a movement-detecting neuronal mechanism which is sensitive to the speed of horizontal image motion, irrespective of its spatial structure or direction.
在由静止物体组成的视野情况下，观察者引发的视网膜图像运动和运动视差可用于确定物体的绝对距离和相对距离。原理很简单：当观察者移动时，靠近眼睛的物体的视网膜图像比远处物体的视网膜图像移动得更快——且角度更大。值得注意的是，不仅人类，而且在整个动物界，从灵长类动物到昆虫，借助头部运动产生的视网膜图像运动和运动视差都被用作距离估计的手段。对于螳螂来说，会在水平面上进行头部的左右平移运动，以确定到静止物体的跳跃距离。确定到物体距离的相关参数是视网膜图像运动的速度。然而，头部的运动也必须受到监测。这需要一个多感官调节回路。运动视差信息似乎是由一种对水平图像运动速度敏感的运动检测神经元机制介导的，而与图像的空间结构或方向无关。
