Bernstein I S, Williams L E
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602 USA; Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. 30322, USA.
Behav Processes. 1983 Oct;8(4):379-92. doi: 10.1016/0376-6357(83)90025-6.
Dominance relationships were studied in a rhesus monkey group during five consecutive years. The group consisted of eight stable matriarchies and an adult male class which was replaced at the start, and again at the midpoint, of the study. Immature males were selectively harvested to maintain a sex ratio typical of natural troops. Maximum group size during the study was 77 animals. Dominance relationships were remarkably stable, with only 4.4% of dyads failing to show unidirectional relationships. Despite this stability, a linear ranking of all group members was not possible. Male dominance relationships with other males were among the most stable, following the fighting which ensued on male introductions. Male introductions did not disrupt female dominance relationships. Adult female dominance relationships were also quite stable, but immature females slowly achieved dominance over older sisters and females subordinate to their mothers. Such reversals were the result of processes lasting over many months. Many dominance assertions occurred prior to puberty but a significant number occurred following sexual maturity. Maturing females did not reverse dominance relationships according to any particular hierarchial order and, as a consequence, many were subordinate to animals that were dominated by others that they dominated. Although there was an alpha male that was dominant to all animals in the group, adult females dominated most adult males. Adult males, however, often reciprocated aggression directed at them. They almost invariably threatened or countercharged aggressive immature animals regardless of matriarchial membership. Adult males dominated some adult and most young females, even in families containing matriarchs and adult females to which the adult males always submitted. The dominance relationships of young males were similar to those of their sisters, until puberty. Young males did not necessarily bypass adult males that their mothers outranked, and often failed to win against adult females that their mothers dominated. Adolescent female aggression against females is seldom interfered with by adult males, and females may actively aid one another against males. In contrast, the aggression of young males often elicits interference by adult males, and young males often become the targets of redirected aggression in the group. As a consequence, whereas young females rise in rank to positions adjacent to their mothers, adolescent males often suffer losses to animals that they had dominated as juveniles.
在连续五年的时间里，对一个恒河猴群体中的支配关系进行了研究。该群体由八个稳定的母系群体和一个成年雄性群体组成，成年雄性群体在研究开始时和中期各更换一次。未成熟的雄性被有选择地挑选出来，以维持自然猴群典型的性别比例。研究期间群体的最大规模为77只动物。支配关系非常稳定，只有4.4%的二元组没有表现出单向关系。尽管如此，对所有群体成员进行线性排名是不可能的。雄性与其他雄性之间的支配关系是最稳定的，在雄性引入后随之而来的争斗之后便是如此。雄性的引入并没有扰乱雌性的支配关系。成年雌性的支配关系也相当稳定，但未成熟的雌性会慢慢超过姐姐以及母亲的从属雌性。这种逆转是持续数月的过程的结果。许多支配地位的宣称发生在青春期之前，但相当数量的宣称发生在性成熟之后。成熟的雌性并没有按照任何特定的等级顺序逆转支配关系，因此，许多雌性从属于那些被她们支配的其他动物所支配的动物。虽然有一只占主导地位的雄性对群体中的所有动物都具有支配地位，但成年雌性支配着大多数成年雄性。然而，成年雄性经常对针对它们的攻击进行反击。无论母系群体成员身份如何，它们几乎总是威胁或反击具有攻击性的未成熟动物。成年雄性支配着一些成年雌性和大多数年轻雌性，即使在包含成年雄性总是服从的母系和成年雌性的家庭中也是如此。年轻雄性的支配关系在青春期之前与其姐妹相似。年轻雄性不一定会超越其母亲地位高于其的成年雄性，并且经常无法战胜其母亲支配的成年雌性。成年雄性很少干涉青春期雌性对雌性的攻击，并且雌性可能会积极地相互帮助对抗雄性。相比之下，年轻雄性的攻击常常会引发成年雄性的干涉，并且年轻雄性经常成为群体中 redirected aggression（此处可能有误，结合语境推测为“转移攻击”）的目标。因此，年轻雌性会升至与其母亲相邻的地位，而青春期雄性经常输给它们幼年时曾支配过的动物。
