Mazor-Thomas Jana E, Mann Phyllis E, Karas Alicia Z, Tseng Flo
Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2014 Mar 1;152:83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.12.011.
Our ability to provide analgesia in wild and exotic patients is hampered by a lack of species-specific information on effective drugs and protocols. One contributing factor is the difficulty of applying data from traditional laboratory tests of nociception to clinical conditions frequently involving combinations of inflammatory, mechanical, and neuropathic pain. Pain-suppressed behaviors have become a valuable predictor of clinical utility in other species; in this study we extend this framework to red -tailed hawks in a wildlife hospital, in an attempt to develop a new, humane testing method for birds of prey. We scored six behaviors in hawks hospitalized either for orthopedic trauma or for non-painful conditions. These behaviors included: movement about the cage, grooming, head motions, foot shifts, beak clacks, and rouse. Movement, head motions, and beak clacks were all significantly reduced in hawks with recent orthopedic injury, but not in hawks with healed or minor injuries (P<0.05 for all behaviors). However, it should be noted that due to stringent admission criteria, and the difficulties inherent in studying naturally-occuring injury in wild patients, this study only included -subjects in four experimental groups, and this limited our ability to fully investigate confounds within our data. A follow-up experiment was conducted to determine potential effects of buprenorphine, a mu opioid agonist, on the behaviors listed above. Buprenorphine in the absence of pain caused minor, non-significant decreases in most behaviors, and had no effect on head movement frequency. This suggests that head movements in particular may be sensitive to pain but not to sedative side-effects of buprenorphine. Overall, red -tailed hawks with recent orthopedic trauma show consistent and marked red uctions in several normal maintenance behaviors. Head movements, reported for the first time in this study as a potential marker of pain in birds, in particular seem to be insensitive to sedative side effects of buprenorphine, while being a sensitive measu re of affective state in hawks with painful injuries. These behaviors can be scored humanely and with minimal expense, and should be considered for further research on pain and analgesia in avian species.
我们为野生和外来动物患者提供镇痛的能力受到缺乏关于有效药物和方案的物种特异性信息的阻碍。一个促成因素是难以将来自传统伤害感受实验室测试的数据应用于经常涉及炎症性、机械性和神经性疼痛组合的临床情况。疼痛抑制行为已成为其他物种临床效用的有价值预测指标；在本研究中，我们将这个框架扩展到一家野生动物医院的红尾鹰身上，试图为猛禽开发一种新的、人道的测试方法。我们对因骨科创伤或非疼痛性疾病住院的鹰的六种行为进行了评分。这些行为包括：在笼子里活动、梳理羽毛、头部动作、脚部移动、喙部敲击和苏醒。近期有骨科损伤的鹰的活动、头部动作和喙部敲击都显著减少，但愈合或轻伤的鹰则没有（所有行为的P<0.05）。然而，应该注意的是，由于严格的入院标准以及研究野生患者自然发生的损伤所固有的困难，本研究仅包括四个实验组的受试者，这限制了我们充分研究数据中混杂因素的能力。进行了一项后续实验，以确定μ阿片类激动剂丁丙诺啡对上述行为的潜在影响。在没有疼痛的情况下，丁丙诺啡使大多数行为略有减少，但不显著，并且对头部运动频率没有影响。这表明特别是头部运动可能对疼痛敏感，但对丁丙诺啡的镇静副作用不敏感。总体而言，近期有骨科创伤的红尾鹰在几种正常维持行为上表现出一致且明显的减少。本研究首次报告的头部运动，似乎对丁丙诺啡的镇静副作用不敏感，同时是受伤疼痛的鹰的情感状态的敏感指标。这些行为可以以人道且成本最低的方式进行评分，并且应该考虑用于进一步研究鸟类的疼痛和镇痛。
