Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDÆA) Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDÆA) Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/ Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra Cerdanyola, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Aug 15;490:757-65. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.051. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
Children spend a third of their day in the classroom, where air pollution levels may differ substantially from those outdoors due to specific indoor sources. Air pollution exposure assessments based on atmospheric particle mass measured outdoors may therefore have little to do with the daily PM dose received by school children. This study aims to investigate outdoor and indoor sources of PM2.5 measured at 39 primary schools in Barcelona during 2012. On average 47% of indoor PM2.5 measured concentrations was found to be generated indoors due to continuous resuspension of soil particles (13%) and a mixed source (34%) comprising organic (skin flakes, clothes fibers, possible condensation of VOCs) and Ca-rich particles (from chalk and building deterioration). Emissions from seven outdoor sources penetrated easily indoors being responsible for the remaining 53% of measured PM2.5 indoors. Unpaved playgrounds were found to increase mineral contributions in classrooms by 5-6 μg/m(3) on average with respect to schools with paved playgrounds. Weekday traffic contributions varied considerably across Barcelona within ranges of 1-14 μg/m(3) outdoor and 1-10 μg/m(3) indoor. Indoors, traffic contributions were significantly higher (more than twofold) for classrooms with windows oriented directly to the street, rather than to the interior of the block or to playgrounds. This highlights the importance of urban planning in order to reduce children's exposure to traffic emissions.
儿童每天有三分之一的时间在教室里度过，由于特定的室内污染源，室内空气污染水平可能与室外有很大的不同。因此，基于室外大气颗粒物质量测量的空气污染暴露评估可能与在校儿童每天接受的 PM 剂量几乎没有关系。本研究旨在调查 2012 年巴塞罗那 39 所小学测量的 PM2.5 的室外和室内来源。平均而言，室内 PM2.5 测量浓度的 47%是由于土壤颗粒的持续再悬浮（13%）和混合源（34%）造成的，其中包括有机物质（皮肤屑、衣服纤维、可能是 VOCs 的凝结物）和富 Ca 颗粒（来自粉笔和建筑物的侵蚀）。来自七个室外源的排放物很容易渗透到室内，占室内测量 PM2.5 的剩余 53%。研究发现，与铺有操场的学校相比，未铺砌的操场使教室的矿物质含量平均增加了 5-6μg/m3。工作日交通排放在巴塞罗那内差异很大，室外范围为 1-14μg/m3，室内范围为 1-10μg/m3。在室内，直接面向街道而不是面向街区内部或操场的教室的交通排放贡献明显更高（两倍以上）。这凸显了城市规划的重要性，以减少儿童接触交通排放的风险。
