Dinda Subas C, Pattnaik Gurudutta
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2013;14(15):1264-74. doi: 10.2174/1389201015666140608143719.
Blood brain barrier (BBB) found to act as rate limiting factor in drug delivery to brain in combating the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Such limiting physiological factors include the reticuloendothelial system and protein opsonization, which present across BBB, play major role in reducing the passage of drug. Several approaches employed to improve the drug delivery across the BBB. Nanoparticles (NP) are the solid colloidal particle ranges from 1 to 1000 nm in size utilized as career for drug delivery. At present NPs are found to play a significant advantage over the other methods of available drug delivery systems to deliver the drug across the BBB. Nanoparticles may be because of its size and functionalization characteristics able to penetrate and facilitate the drug delivery through the barrier. There are number of mechanisms and strategies found to be involved in this process, which are based on the type of nanomaterials used and its combination with therapeutic agents, such materials include liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and non-viral vectors of nano-sizes for CNS gene therapy, etc. Nanotechnology is expected to reduce the need for invasive procedures for delivery of therapeutics to the CNS. Some devices such as implanted catheters and reservoirs however will still be needed to overcome the problems in effective drug delivery to the CNS. Nanomaterials are found to improve the safety and efficacy level of drug delivery devices in brain targeting. Nanoegineered devices are found to be delivering the drugs at cellular levels through nono-fluidic channels. Different drug delivery systems such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, nonogels and nonobiocapsules have been used to improve the bioavailability of the drug in the brain, but microchips and biodegradable polymeric nanoparticulate careers are found to be more effective therapeutically in treating brain tumor. The physiological approaches also utilized to improve the transcytosis capacity of specific receptors expressed across the BBB. It is found that the low density lipoproteins related protein (LPR) with engineered peptide compound (EpiC) formed the platform incorporating the Angiopep peptide as a new effective therapeutics. The current challenges are to design and develop the drug delivery careers, which must be able to deliver the drug across the BBB at a safe and effective manner. Nanoparticles are found to be effective careers in delivery of conventional drugs, recombinant proteins, vaccines as well as nucleotides. Nanoparticlulate drug delivery systems are found to be improving in the pharmacokinetic strategies of the drug molecules such as biodistribution, bioavailability and drug release characteristics in a controlled and effective manner with site specific drug delivery targeting to tissue or cell with reduction in toxic manifestation. Therefore, the use of nanotechnology in the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology helps in improving the drug delivery strategy including the kinetics and therapeutic index to solve the delivery problems of some biotech drugs including the recombinant proteins and oligonucleotides. This review is made to provide an insight to the role of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery and drug targeting to brain and its recent advances in the field of drug delivery systems.
血脑屏障（BBB）被发现是药物输送到大脑以对抗中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病的限速因素。这种限制生理因素包括网状内皮系统和蛋白质调理作用，它们存在于血脑屏障中，在减少药物通过方面起主要作用。人们采用了几种方法来改善药物通过血脑屏障的输送。纳米颗粒（NP）是尺寸范围为1至1000纳米的固体胶体颗粒，用作药物输送的载体。目前发现纳米颗粒在将药物输送穿过血脑屏障的现有药物输送系统的其他方法中具有显著优势。纳米颗粒可能由于其尺寸和功能化特性而能够穿透并促进药物通过屏障。在这个过程中发现有许多机制和策略，这取决于所使用的纳米材料的类型及其与治疗剂的组合，这些材料包括脂质体、聚合物纳米颗粒和用于中枢神经系统基因治疗的纳米尺寸的非病毒载体等。纳米技术有望减少将治疗剂输送到中枢神经系统所需的侵入性程序。然而，仍然需要一些设备，如植入式导管和储液器，来克服有效将药物输送到中枢神经系统的问题。发现纳米材料可提高脑靶向药物输送装置的安全性和有效性水平。发现纳米工程装置通过纳米流体通道在细胞水平输送药物。不同的药物输送系统，如脂质体、微球、纳米颗粒、纳米凝胶和纳米生物胶囊，已被用于提高药物在脑中的生物利用度，但发现微芯片和可生物降解的聚合物纳米颗粒载体在治疗脑肿瘤方面更具治疗效果。生理方法也被用于提高血脑屏障上表达的特定受体的转胞吞能力。发现低密度脂蛋白相关蛋白（LPR）与工程化肽化合物（EpiC）形成了包含血管活性肠肽作为一种新的有效治疗剂的平台。当前的挑战是设计和开发药物输送载体，其必须能够以安全有效的方式将药物输送穿过血脑屏障。发现纳米颗粒是输送传统药物、重组蛋白、疫苗以及核苷酸的有效载体。发现纳米颗粒药物输送系统以可控和有效的方式改善药物分子的药代动力学策略，如生物分布、生物利用度和药物释放特性，通过靶向组织或细胞进行位点特异性药物输送，同时减少毒性表现。因此，在药物生物技术领域使用纳米技术有助于改善药物输送策略，包括动力学和治疗指数，以解决一些生物技术药物的输送问题，包括重组蛋白和寡核苷酸。这篇综述旨在深入了解纳米生物技术在药物输送和脑靶向给药中的作用及其在药物输送系统领域的最新进展。
