Characterization of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" populations by double-locus analyses.

"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CaLas) is associated with citrus Huanglongbing (HLB, yellow shoot disease), which is highly destructive to world citrus production. Understanding the relationships of CaLas isolates from different geographical regions is important for HLB research and development of disease management strategies. In this study, 301 CaLas isolates [85 Brazil, 132 China, and 84 U.S. (83 Florida and 1 California)] were collected, and genomic variations among them were evaluated based on the analyses of two genomic loci: trn1, characteristic of variable tandem repeat numbers (TRNs), and snp1, characteristic of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Locus trn1 revealed the homogeneity of all Brazilian isolates, and locus snp1 revealed the homogeneity of most Florida isolates. When the two loci were analyzed simultaneously, i.e., double-locus (DL) analyses, CaLas isolates were clustered mostly according to geographical origins. DL genotype 1 included 97 % of the Chinese isolates, DL genotype 2 included all Brazilian isolates, and DL genotype 3 included 93 % of the U.S. isolates. DL analyses successfully revealed inter-continental overlapping or movement pattern of CaLas isolates. The isolate recently found in California belonged to Asiatic DL genotype 1.