Hu Xiaoming, Liou Anthony K F, Leak Rehana K, Xu Mingyue, An Chengrui, Suenaga Jun, Shi Yejie, Gao Yanqin, Zheng Ping, Chen Jun
Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Prog Neurobiol. 2014 Aug-Sep;119-120:60-84. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.002. Epub 2014 Jun 9.
Microglia are the first line of immune defense against central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. These highly plastic cells play dualistic roles in neuronal injury and recovery and are known for their ability to assume diverse phenotypes. A broad range of surface receptors are expressed on microglia and mediate microglial 'On' or 'Off' responses to signals from other host cells as well as invading microorganisms. The integrated actions of these receptors result in tightly regulated biological functions, including cell mobility, phagocytosis, the induction of acquired immunity, and trophic factor/inflammatory mediator release. Over the last few years, significant advances have been made toward deciphering the signaling mechanisms related to these receptors and their specific cellular functions. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of the surface receptors involved in microglial activation, with an emphasis on their engagement of distinct functional programs and their roles in CNS injuries. It will become evident from this review that microglial homeostasis is carefully maintained by multiple counterbalanced strategies, including, but not limited to, 'On' and 'Off' receptor signaling. Specific regulation of theses microglial receptors may be a promising therapeutic strategy against CNS injuries.
小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤和疾病免疫防御的第一道防线。这些具有高度可塑性的细胞在神经元损伤和恢复过程中发挥着双重作用，并以其呈现多种表型的能力而闻名。小胶质细胞表达多种表面受体，介导小胶质细胞对来自其他宿主细胞以及入侵微生物信号的“开启”或“关闭”反应。这些受体的综合作用导致严格调控的生物学功能，包括细胞迁移、吞噬作用、获得性免疫诱导以及营养因子/炎症介质释放。在过去几年中，在破译与这些受体及其特定细胞功能相关的信号传导机制方面取得了重大进展。在这篇综述中，我们描述了参与小胶质细胞激活的表面受体的当前知识状态，重点关注它们与不同功能程序的关联及其在中枢神经系统损伤中的作用。从这篇综述中将可以明显看出小胶质细胞的稳态是通过多种相互平衡的策略精心维持的，包括但不限于“开启”和“关闭”受体信号传导。对这些小胶质细胞受体的特异性调节可能是一种有前景的针对中枢神经系统损伤的治疗策略。
