Otlewska Anna, Adamiak Justyna, Gutarowska Beata
Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.
Acta Biochim Pol. 2014;61(2):217-25. Epub 2014 Jun 13.
As a result of their unpredictable ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions, microorganisms inhabit different types of biological niches on Earth. Owing to the key role of microorganisms in many biogeochemical processes, trends in modern microbiology emphasize the need to know and understand the structure and function of complex microbial communities. This is particularly important if the strategy relates to microbial communities that cause biodeterioration of materials that constitute our cultural heritage. Until recently, the detection and identification of microorganisms inhabiting objects of cultural value was based only on cultivation-dependent methods. In spite of many advantages, these methods provide limited information because they identify only viable organisms capable of growth under standard laboratory conditions. However, in order to carry out proper conservation and renovation, it is necessary to know the complete composition of microbial communities and their activity. This paper presents and characterizes modern techniques such as genetic fingerprinting and clone library construction for the assessment of microbial diversity based on molecular biology. Molecular methods represent a favourable alternative to culture-dependent methods and make it possible to assess the biodiversity of microorganisms inhabiting technical materials and cultural heritage objects.
由于微生物具有适应各种环境条件的不可预测的能力，它们栖息在地球上不同类型的生态位中。由于微生物在许多生物地球化学过程中发挥着关键作用，现代微生物学的发展趋势强调需要了解和认识复杂微生物群落的结构和功能。如果该策略涉及导致构成我们文化遗产的材料生物降解的微生物群落，这一点就尤为重要。直到最近，对栖息在具有文化价值物品上的微生物的检测和鉴定仅基于依赖培养的方法。尽管这些方法有许多优点，但它们提供的信息有限，因为它们只能识别在标准实验室条件下能够生长的活生物体。然而，为了进行适当的保护和修复，有必要了解微生物群落的完整组成及其活性。本文介绍并描述了基于分子生物学评估微生物多样性的现代技术，如基因指纹图谱和克隆文库构建。分子方法是依赖培养方法的一种有利替代方法，能够评估栖息在技术材料和文化遗产物品上的微生物的生物多样性。
