Oldehinkel Albertine J, Ormel Johan, Verhulst Frank C, Nederhof Esther
University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen.
Erasmus University Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital.
Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Nov;26(4 Pt 1):1067-75. doi: 10.1017/S0954579414000534. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
Childhood adversities have been proposed to modify later stress sensitivity and risk of depressive disorder in several ways: by stress sensitization, stress amplification, and stress inoculation. Combining these models, we hypothesized that childhood adversities would increase risk of early, but not later, onsets of depression (Hypothesis 1). In those without an early onset, childhood adversities were hypothesized to predict a relatively low risk of depression in high-stress conditions (Hypothesis 2a) and a relatively high risk of depression in low-stress conditions (Hypothesis 2b), compared to no childhood adversities. These hypotheses were tested in 1,584 participants of the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, a prospective cohort study of adolescents. Childhood adversities were assessed retrospectively at ages 11 and 13.5, using self-reports and parent reports. Lifetime DSM-IV major depressive episodes were assessed at age 19, by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Stressful life events during adolescence were established using interview-based contextual ratings of personal and network events. The results provided support for all hypotheses, regardless of the informant and timeframe used to assess childhood adversities and regardless of the nature (personal vs. network, dependent vs. independent) of recent stressful events. These findings suggest that age at first onset of depression may be an effective marker to distinguish between various types of reaction patterns.
通过应激致敏、应激放大和应激接种。综合这些模型，我们假设童年期逆境会增加早期而非晚期抑郁症发作的风险（假设1）。对于那些没有早期发作的人，与没有童年期逆境的人相比，假设童年期逆境会预测在高压力条件下抑郁症风险相对较低（假设2a），而在低压力条件下抑郁症风险相对较高（假设2b）。这些假设在1584名青少年个体生活追踪调查的参与者中进行了检验，该调查是一项针对青少年的前瞻性队列研究。童年期逆境在11岁和13.5岁时通过自我报告和家长报告进行回顾性评估。19岁时通过综合国际诊断访谈评估终生DSM-IV重度抑郁发作。青少年时期的应激性生活事件通过基于访谈的个人和社交网络事件情境评分来确定。无论用于评估童年期逆境的信息提供者和时间框架如何，也无论近期应激事件的性质（个人事件与社交网络事件、相关事件与独立事件）如何，结果都支持了所有假设。这些发现表明，抑郁症首次发作的年龄可能是区分不同类型反应模式的有效标志。
