Lanyon S R, Reichel M P
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
Aust Vet J. 2014 Aug;92(8):277-82. doi: 10.1111/avj.12208. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
Acute infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) usually causes only mild clinical disease in cattle, but infection of animals of breeding age can result in immune suppression (resulting in an increased incidence and severity of secondary disease) and decreased reproductive performance. If infection occurs during pregnancy, the virus may cross the placenta and either cause abortion, establish immunotolerance and persistent infection (PI) in the fetus or cause congenital deformities. These outcomes depend on the stage of pregnancy at the time of infection.
BVDV is recognised as a disease of significant financial impact in a number of countries. As a result, national and regional BVDV control programs are now in place in several regions around the world. In Europe, these programs largely rely on the identification and removal of the PI animals, whereas vaccination has tended to be the chosen method of control in the United States.
BVDV is endemic in Australian cattle populations, with more than 80% of herds surveyed showing some level of exposure to the pathogen. The cost to the national industry is estimated to be AUD57.9 million annually. This review identifies and discusses the challenges to BVDV control in Australia, including farmer attitudes, herd size, sheep as a potential reservoir host and diagnostic capabilities. We conclude that systematic BVDV control in Australia is, or soon will be, an option; however, detailed cost-benefit analyses will need to be undertaken.
牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）急性感染通常仅在牛群中引发轻微临床疾病，但感染育龄动物会导致免疫抑制（致使继发疾病的发病率和严重程度增加）以及繁殖性能下降。若在孕期发生感染，病毒可能穿过胎盘，要么引发流产，在胎儿体内建立免疫耐受和持续性感染（PI），要么导致先天性畸形。这些结果取决于感染时的孕期阶段。
在一些国家，BVDV被视为具有重大经济影响的疾病。因此，全球多个地区现已实施国家和区域BVDV防控计划。在欧洲，这些计划主要依赖识别和清除持续性感染动物，而在美国，疫苗接种往往是首选的防控方法。
BVDV在澳大利亚牛群中呈地方流行性，超过80%接受调查的牛群显示出一定程度的病原体暴露。据估计，每年给澳大利亚畜牧业造成的损失为5790万澳元。本综述确定并讨论了澳大利亚BVDV防控面临的挑战，包括养殖户态度、畜群规模、绵羊作为潜在储存宿主以及诊断能力。我们得出结论，澳大利亚系统性的BVDV防控是或即将成为一种选择；然而，需要进行详细的成本效益分析。
