Lee Dong Hee, Kim Ha Won
Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea.
College of Pharmacy, and Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Korea.
Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(1):1-16. doi: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v16.i1.10.
Mushrooms are a highly valuable source of substances that possess unique biological properties and medicinal efficacy. Medicinal mushrooms traditionally have been used to treat cancer, fungal infections, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and renal disorders. Medicinal mushrooms produce high-molecular-weight β-glucans, which have antitumor and antifungal activities that stimulate innate immunity. Innate immune cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1, Toll-like receptors, and mannose receptors on their cell surfaces. These PRRs recognize pathogens by binding to highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as β-glucan, mannan, and lipopolysaccharide. The immunomodulating activities of innate immune cells are augmented by the binding of β-glucans to dectin-1 that is expressed by macrophages or dendritic cells. Upon binding β-glucan, innate immune cells activate adaptive immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes or natural killer cells by secreting various cytokines such as interleukins (IL-4, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α. Water-insoluble β-glucans have stronger immunostimulating activities than their water-soluble counterparts. β-glucans have antifungal activity that is similar to their anticancer activities and is mediated by binding to dectin-1, albeit by an unknown mechanism. In this review we discuss recent progress in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the antitumor activities of fungal β-glucans that act through pathogen-associated molecular patterns and PRRs.
蘑菇是具有独特生物学特性和药用功效的物质的高度宝贵来源。传统上，药用蘑菇被用于治疗癌症、真菌感染、高血压、糖尿病、炎症和肾脏疾病。药用蘑菇产生高分子量的β-葡聚糖，其具有刺激先天免疫的抗肿瘤和抗真菌活性。先天免疫细胞在其细胞表面表达模式识别受体（PRR），如dectin-1、Toll样受体和甘露糖受体。这些PRR通过与高度保守的病原体相关分子模式（如β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖和脂多糖）结合来识别病原体。巨噬细胞或树突状细胞表达的dectin-1与β-葡聚糖结合可增强先天免疫细胞的免疫调节活性。结合β-葡聚糖后，先天免疫细胞通过分泌各种细胞因子（如白细胞介素（IL-4、IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α）来激活适应性免疫细胞，如B和T淋巴细胞或自然杀伤细胞。水不溶性β-葡聚糖比其水溶性对应物具有更强的免疫刺激活性。β-葡聚糖具有与其抗癌活性相似的抗真菌活性，并且通过与dectin-1结合介导，尽管其机制尚不清楚。在本综述中，我们讨论了在理解真菌β-葡聚糖通过病原体相关分子模式和PRR发挥抗肿瘤活性的机制方面的最新进展。
