Solman Grayden J F, Kingstone Alan
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Cognition. 2014 Sep;132(3):443-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.05.005. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
Search outside the laboratory involves tradeoffs among a variety of internal and external exploratory processes. Here we examine the conditions under which item specific memory from prior exposures to a search array is used to guide attention during search. We extend the hypothesis that memory use increases as perceptual search becomes more difficult by turning to an ecologically important type of search difficulty - energetic cost. Using optical motion tracking, we introduce a novel head-contingent display system, which enables the direct comparison of search using head movements and search using eye movements. Consistent with the increased energetic cost of turning the head to orient attention, we discover greater use of memory in head-contingent versus eye-contingent search, as reflected in both timing and orienting metrics. Our results extend theories of memory use in search to encompass embodied factors, and highlight the importance of accounting for the costs and constraints of the specific motor groups used in a given task when evaluating cognitive effects.
实验室之外的搜索涉及到各种内部和外部探索过程之间的权衡。在这里，我们研究了在何种条件下，先前接触搜索阵列时的项目特定记忆会在搜索过程中用于引导注意力。我们扩展了这样一种假设，即随着感知搜索变得更加困难，记忆的使用会增加，我们转向一种具有生态重要性的搜索难度类型——能量消耗。通过光学运动跟踪，我们引入了一种新颖的头部相关显示系统，该系统能够直接比较使用头部运动的搜索和使用眼睛运动的搜索。与转动头部定向注意力所增加的能量消耗一致，我们发现在头部相关搜索与眼睛相关搜索中，记忆的使用在时间和定向指标上都有更大体现。我们的结果将搜索中记忆使用的理论扩展到包含身体因素，并强调在评估认知效果时，考虑给定任务中使用的特定运动组的成本和限制的重要性。
