Shelton Janie F, Geraghty Estella M, Tancredi Daniel J, Delwiche Lora D, Schmidt Rebecca J, Ritz Beate, Hansen Robin L, Hertz-Picciotto Irva
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Oct;122(10):1103-9. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307044. Epub 2014 Jan 23.
Gestational exposure to several common agricultural pesticides can induce developmental neurotoxicity in humans, and has been associated with developmental delay and autism.
We evaluated whether residential proximity to agricultural pesticides during pregnancy is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or developmental delay (DD) in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study.
The CHARGE study is a population-based case-control study of ASD, DD, and typical development. For 970 participants, commercial pesticide application data from the California Pesticide Use Report (1997-2008) were linked to the addresses during pregnancy. Pounds of active ingredient applied for organophophates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates were aggregated within 1.25-km, 1.5-km, and 1.75-km buffer distances from the home. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of exposure comparing confirmed cases of ASD (n = 486) or DD (n = 168) with typically developing referents (n = 316).
Approximately one-third of CHARGE study mothers lived, during pregnancy, within 1.5 km (just under 1 mile) of an agricultural pesticide application. Proximity to organophosphates at some point during gestation was associated with a 60% increased risk for ASD, higher for third-trimester exposures (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6), and second-trimester chlorpyrifos applications (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5, 7.4). Children of mothers residing near pyrethroid insecticide applications just before conception or during third trimester were at greater risk for both ASD and DD, with ORs ranging from 1.7 to 2.3. Risk for DD was increased in those near carbamate applications, but no specific vulnerable period was identified.
This study of ASD strengthens the evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders with gestational pesticide exposures, particularly organophosphates, and provides novel results of ASD and DD associations with, respectively, pyrethroids and carbamates.
孕期接触几种常见的农用杀虫剂可导致人类发育性神经毒性，并与发育迟缓及自闭症有关。
在“遗传与环境所致儿童自闭症风险”（CHARGE）研究中，我们评估孕期居住在靠近农用杀虫剂的地方是否与自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）或发育迟缓（DD）有关。
CHARGE研究是一项基于人群的关于ASD、DD及正常发育的病例对照研究。对于970名参与者，将加利福尼亚州农药使用报告（1997 - 2008年）中的商业农药施用数据与孕期住址相关联。在距离住所1.25千米、1.5千米和1.75千米的缓冲距离内，汇总有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类的活性成分施用磅数。采用多项逻辑回归来估计将确诊的ASD病例（n = 486）或DD病例（n = 168）与正常发育对照者（n = 316）进行比较时的暴露比值比（OR）。
CHARGE研究中约三分之一的母亲在孕期居住在距离农用杀虫剂施用地点1.5千米（略低于1英里）范围内。孕期某个时间点接触有机磷与ASD风险增加60%有关，孕晚期接触风险更高（OR = 2.0；95%置信区间：1.1，3.6），孕中期施用毒死蜱也有关（OR = 3.3；95%置信区间：1.5，7.4）。母亲在受孕前或孕晚期居住在靠近拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂施用地点附近的儿童患ASD和DD的风险更高，OR值在1.7至2.3之间。居住在靠近氨基甲酸酯类施用地点附近的儿童患DD的风险增加，但未确定具体的敏感期。
这项关于ASD的研究强化了神经发育障碍与孕期农药暴露之间的关联证据，尤其是有机磷，并分别提供了ASD以及DD与拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类关联的新结果。
