Virtanen Helena, Toppari Jorma
Duodecim. 2014;130(11):1086-92.
Testes descend to the scrotum normally before birth. Testis-derived testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) regulate the descent. Cryptorchid testis remains too high or in an abnormal location, which prevents its normal function. The incidence of cryptorchidism varies greatly: 1 to 8% in full-term newborn boys, and 1 to 2% at three months of age. Spontaneous descent can occur during the first three months. Defective androgen action can cause cryptorchidism, but usually the etiology remains unknown. Several factors (environment, genes and lifestyle) contribute to the risk of cryptorchidism. Acquired cryptorchidism also occurs during childhood. The recommended treatment of cryptorchidism is surgical orchidopexy.
睾丸通常在出生前降至阴囊。睾丸分泌的睾酮和胰岛素样肽3（INSL3）调节睾丸下降。隐睾仍处于过高位置或位置异常，这会妨碍其正常功能。隐睾症的发病率差异很大：足月新生儿男孩中为1%至8%，三个月大时为1%至2%。在出生后的前三个月内可能会出现自然下降。雄激素作用缺陷可导致隐睾症，但通常病因不明。多种因素（环境、基因和生活方式）会增加患隐睾症的风险。后天性隐睾症也可在儿童期发生。隐睾症的推荐治疗方法是手术睾丸固定术。
