NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
Water Res. 2014 Sep 15;61:297-307. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 May 16.
The effect of membrane fouling on the removal of enteric virus surrogates MS2 and φX174 bacteriophage by an ultrafiltration membrane was assessed under simulated full-scale drinking water treatment operating conditions. Filtration experiments of up to 8 days using either river or lake water ascertained how the membrane fouling layer affected virus removal. Organic carbon fractionation techniques identified potential foulants, including biopolymers, in the feed water and in the permeate. Hydraulically irreversible fouling could greatly improve the removal of both viruses at moderate and severe fouling conditions by up to 2.5 logs. Hydraulically reversible fouling increased virus removal only slightly, and increased removal of >0.5 log for both phage were only obtained under severe fouling conditions. The increase in virus removal due to irreversible and reversible fouling differed between the two water sources. As the degree of fouling increased, differences between the removal of the two phage decreased. Maintenance cleaning partially removed membrane foulants, however virus removal following maintenance cleaning was lower than that of the fouled membrane, it remained higher than that of the clean membrane.
在模拟全规模饮用水处理操作条件下，评估了膜污染对超滤膜去除肠道病毒替代物 MS2 和 φX174 噬菌体的影响。使用河水或湖水进行长达 8 天的过滤实验，确定了膜污染层如何影响病毒去除。有机碳分级技术鉴定了进料水中和渗透物中的潜在污染物，包括生物聚合物。水力不可逆转的污染可以在中等和严重污染条件下大大提高两种病毒的去除率，高达 2.5 个对数级。水力可逆污染仅略微增加病毒的去除率，并且仅在严重污染条件下才能获得 >0.5 个对数级的两种噬菌体的去除率增加。不可逆和可逆污染引起的病毒去除率的增加在两种水源之间有所不同。随着污染程度的增加，两种噬菌体的去除率差异减小。维护清洗部分去除了膜污染物，但维护清洗后的病毒去除率低于污染膜的去除率，仍高于清洁膜的去除率。
