Pelfrêne Aurélie, Détriché Sébastien, Douay Francis
Groupe ISA, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046, Lille Cedex, France,
Environ Geochem Health. 2015 Feb;37(1):49-62. doi: 10.1007/s10653-014-9629-0. Epub 2014 Jun 27.
Geostatistical analysis and GIS-based spatial mapping have been widely used for risk assessment of environmental pollution. The objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate the spatial variability of pseudototal concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn; (2) estimate the degree of contamination on the basis of pollution indexes; and (3) combine geostatistical analysis with oral bioaccessibility to better assess the population's exposure to metals in smelter-impacted soils. Implications for human health risks were assessed by considering soil as a contaminant source, a release mechanism of contaminated soil to the hands, ingestion as an exposure route, and metal bioaccessibility. The bioaccessibility data in the gastric (G) and gastrointestinal (GI) phases were integrated into the standard hazard quotient-based risk assessment method. Using pollution indices showed that the entire area studied was highly polluted in terms of soil metal concentrations. However, the spatial pattern of health risk levels did not coincide with the spatial distribution of the degree of soil contamination. Introducing the bioaccessible fraction of metals from soils into the exposure calculations resulted in a substantial decrease in calculated risk (HI, hazard index) and provided a more realistic estimate of exposure to the three metals. For the highly exposed population, 46% of the soils studied provided an HI-G > 1.0 and 15% provided an HI-GI > 1.0, suggesting probable adverse health effects in children. The present study highlights the importance of conducting studies taking into account metal bioaccessible values in risk assessment.
地质统计分析和基于地理信息系统的空间制图已广泛应用于环境污染风险评估。本研究的目的是：（1）调查镉、铅和锌伪全量浓度的空间变异性；（2）基于污染指数估算污染程度；（3）将地质统计分析与口服生物可及性相结合，以更好地评估冶炼厂影响土壤中人群对金属的暴露情况。通过将土壤视为污染物源、污染土壤向手部的释放机制、摄入作为暴露途径以及金属生物可及性，评估了对人类健康风险的影响。将胃（G）相和胃肠道（GI）相的生物可及性数据纳入基于标准危害商数的风险评估方法。使用污染指数表明，就土壤金属浓度而言，整个研究区域受到高度污染。然而，健康风险水平的空间格局与土壤污染程度的空间分布并不一致。将土壤中金属的生物可及部分纳入暴露计算，导致计算出的风险（危害指数，HI）大幅降低，并对三种金属的暴露情况提供了更现实的估计。对于高暴露人群，所研究的土壤中有46%的HI-G>1.0，15%的HI-GI>1.0，这表明儿童可能会产生不良健康影响。本研究强调了在风险评估中考虑金属生物可及值进行研究的重要性。
