Sherlock S
Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University of London, U.K.
J Hepatol. 1989 Mar;8(2):254-8. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(89)90016-0.
Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective. Its impact on the prevention of the disease, however, has been limited. In high risk areas, such as the Far East, mass vaccination of all babies is recommended. Even in low risk areas, such as Northern Europe and the United States, vaccination as part of a routine childhood immunisation programme might be effective so that protection is given before the adult becomes at risk of drug abuse or becoming a promiscuous homosexual or has joined the Health Care Service. A booster injection is probably necessary 5-7 years after primary vaccination. Hepatitis A still causes enormous epidemics. In Western Europe, large numbers of adults are at risk and the economic consequences are considerable. Vaccines which will replace serum immune globulin prophylaxis are under development. Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis is caused by a 27-34 nm virus, enterically transmitted. An antibody can be detected in the serum of sufferers from the epidemic but not the sporadic disease. Parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis is associated with a viral genomic clone, isolated from infected chimpanzee liver and plasma. An antibody to it has been shown in serum of infectious blood donors and in haemophiliac patients previously exposed to blood products.
乙肝疫苗安全有效。然而，其对疾病预防的作用一直有限。在远东等高危地区，建议对所有婴儿进行大规模疫苗接种。即使在北欧和美国等低危地区，作为常规儿童免疫计划的一部分进行疫苗接种可能也是有效的，这样可以在成年人面临药物滥用风险、成为乱交的同性恋者或加入医疗服务行业之前提供保护。初次接种疫苗后5至7年可能需要进行加强注射。甲型肝炎仍会引发大规模疫情。在西欧，大量成年人面临风险，经济后果相当严重。正在研发将取代血清免疫球蛋白预防措施的疫苗。流行性非甲非乙型肝炎由一种27至34纳米的肠道传播病毒引起。在流行性肝炎患者的血清中可检测到抗体，但散发性疾病患者血清中则检测不到。肠道外非甲非乙型肝炎与从受感染的黑猩猩肝脏和血浆中分离出的病毒基因组克隆有关。在有传染性的献血者血清以及先前接触过血液制品的血友病患者血清中已检测到针对该病毒的抗体。
