Cisek A A, Binek M
Pol J Vet Sci. 2014;17(2):385-94. doi: 10.2478/pjvs-2014-0057.
Bacterial colonization of the chicken gut by environmental microbes begins immediately after hatching. Composition of the intestinal microbiota is dependent on the surrounding environment, diet variation, pathological conditions, antibiotic therapy, and others. The genomes of all these intestinal microbes form a microbiome which by far outnumbers the host's genome. As a consequence, the microbiome provides additional metabolic functions to the host, including nutrient utilization and absorption, fermentation of non-digestible dietary fiber, synthesis of some vitamins, biotransformation of bile acids, and the well-being of their chicken host. Microorganisms can also directly interact with the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which may alter the physiology and immunological status of the bird. Since newly hatched broiler chickens demonstrate delayed commensal colonization and low bacterial diversity, the most effective and harmless method available to control the development and composition of the intestinal microbiota is a competitive exclusion treatment by applying probiotic bacteria. Additionally, recent research has shown that probiotic bacteria have a variety of beneficial effects, including counteraction of dysbiosis, promotion of gut health and homeostasis, enhancement of immune defenses and antagonization of infectious agents.
孵化后，环境微生物立即开始在雏鸡肠道内定殖。肠道微生物群的组成取决于周围环境、饮食变化、病理状况、抗生素治疗等因素。所有这些肠道微生物的基因组构成了一个微生物组，其数量远远超过宿主基因组。因此，微生物组为宿主提供了额外的代谢功能，包括营养物质的利用和吸收、不可消化膳食纤维的发酵、某些维生素的合成、胆汁酸的生物转化以及对鸡宿主健康的维护。微生物还可以直接与胃肠道内壁相互作用，这可能会改变禽类的生理和免疫状态。由于新孵化的肉鸡表现出共生定殖延迟和细菌多样性低的情况，控制肠道微生物群发育和组成的最有效且无害的方法是应用益生菌进行竞争性排斥处理。此外，最近的研究表明，益生菌具有多种有益作用，包括对抗生态失调、促进肠道健康和内环境稳定、增强免疫防御以及拮抗感染因子。
