Provocation of panic: three elements of the panic reaction in four anxiety disorders.

Subjects with agoraphobia (N = 25), panic disorder (N = 25), social phobia (N = 19) or generalized anxiety disorder (N = 10) and controls with no psychiatric history (N = 16) underwent two provocation tests, voluntary hyperventilation and inhalation of 5% CO2 in air, and three experimental control conditions. They were measured on three elements of the panic reaction: somatic symptoms, psychic anxiety and fears of impending doom, and on a standard YES/NO measure of panic attack. The provocation conditions produced increased somatic symptoms and psychic anxiety across all groups relative to the control conditions. The agoraphobic and panic disorder groups showed a significantly greater increase in fears of impending doom from control to provocation conditions than the social phobic and GAD patients. This difference was not observed on measures of somatic symptoms or psychic anxiety. The present results provide some support for the theory that panic attacks result from the catastrophic misinterpretation of anxious symptoms, in this case produced by the two provocation tests.