Inter-hemispheric coherence of neocortical gamma oscillations during sleep and wakefulness.

Oscillations in the gamma frequency band (mainly ≈40 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in the binding of spatially separated but temporally correlated neural events that result in a unified perceptual experience. The extent of these interactions can be examined by means of a mathematical algorithm called "coherence", which reflects the "strength" of functional interactions between cortical areas. As a continuation of a previous study of our group, the present study was conducted to analyze the inter-hemispheric coherence of the EEG gamma frequency band in the cat during alert wakefulness (AW), quiet wakefulness (QW), non-REM (NREM) sleep and REM sleep. Cats were implanted with electrodes in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices to monitor EEG activity. The degree of coherence in the low (30-45 Hz) and high (60-100 Hz) gamma frequency bands from pairs of EEG recordings was analyzed. A large increase in coherence between all inter-hemispheric cortical regions in the low gamma bands during AW was present compared to the other behavioral states. Furthermore, both low and high gamma coherence between inter-hemispheric heterotopic cortices (different cortical areas of both hemispheres) decreased during REM sleep; this is a pattern that we previously reported between the cortical areas of the same hemisphere (intrahemispheric coherence). In the high gamma band, coherence during REM sleep also decreased compared to the other behavioral states. In contrast, between most of the inter-hemispheric homotopic cortical areas (equivalent or mirror areas of both hemispheres), low gamma coherence was similar during NREM compared to REM sleep. We conclude that in spite of subtle differences between homotopic and heterotopic inter-hemispheric cortices, functional interactions at high frequency decrease during REM sleep.