Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
CESAM, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Jan 15;503-504:200-12. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.057. Epub 2014 Jul 5.
Daphnia magna individuals were transplanted across 12 sites from three Spanish river basins (Llobregat, Ebro, Jucar) showing different sources of pollution. Gene transcription, feeding and biochemical responses in the field were assessed and compared with those obtained in re-constituted water treatments spiked with organic eluates obtained from water samples collected at the same locations and sampling periods. Up to 166 trace contaminants were detected in water and classified by their mode of action into 45 groups that included metals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, illicit drugs, and other industrial compounds. Physicochemical water parameters differentiated the three river basins with Llobregat having the highest levels of conductivity, metals and pharmaceuticals, followed by Ebro, whereas the Jucar river had the greatest levels of illicit drugs. D. magna grazing rates and cholinesterase activity responded similarly than the diversity of riparian benthic communities. Transcription patterns of 13 different genes encoding for general stress, metabolism and energy processes, molting and xenobiotic transporters corroborate phenotypic responses differentiated sites within and across river basins. Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Square Projections to Latent Structures regression analyses indicated that measured in situ responses of most genes and biomarkers and that of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity indexes were affected by distinct environmental factors. Conductivity, suspended solids and fungicides were negatively related with the diversity of macroinvertebrates cholinesterase, and feeding responses. Gene transcripts of heat shock protein and metallothionein were positively related with 11 classes of organic contaminants and 6 metals. Gene transcripts related with signaling paths of molting and reproduction, sugar, protein and xenobiotic metabolism responded similarly in field and lab exposures and were related with high residue concentrations of analgesics, diuretics, psychiatric drugs, β blockers, illicit drugs, trizoles, bisphenol A, caffeine and pesticides. These results indicate that application of omic technologies in the field is a promising subject in water management.
大型溞个体被从三个西班牙河流流域（Llobregat、Ebro、Jucar）的 12 个地点移植过来，这些地点显示出不同的污染来源。在野外评估了基因转录、摄食和生化反应，并将其与用从同一地点和同一时期采集的水样得到的有机洗脱液在重组水中处理后获得的结果进行了比较。在水中检测到多达 166 种痕量污染物，并根据其作用模式将其分为 45 组，包括金属、药物、农药、非法药物和其他工业化合物。理化水参数区分了这三个流域，其中 Llobregat 的电导率、金属和药物含量最高，其次是 Ebro，而 Jucar 河的非法药物含量最高。大型溞的摄食率和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性与河岸底栖生物群落的多样性反应相似。13 种不同基因的转录模式编码为一般应激、代谢和能量过程、蜕皮和外来生物转运蛋白，证实了不同流域内和流域间的表型反应。主成分分析和偏最小二乘投影到潜在结构回归分析表明，大多数基因和生物标志物以及底栖大型无脊椎动物多样性指数的原位测量反应受到不同环境因素的影响。电导率、悬浮固体和杀真菌剂与大型底栖无脊椎动物的胆碱酯酶和摄食反应的多样性呈负相关。热休克蛋白和金属硫蛋白的基因转录与 11 类有机污染物和 6 种金属呈正相关。与蜕皮和繁殖、糖、蛋白质和外来生物代谢信号通路相关的基因转录在野外和实验室暴露中反应相似，与止痛药、利尿剂、精神药物、β受体阻滞剂、非法药物、三唑类、双酚 A、咖啡因和农药的高残留浓度有关。这些结果表明，在水管理中应用组学技术是一个很有前途的课题。
