Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
TerraData environmetrics, via L. Bardelloni 19, 58025 Monterotondo M.mo, Grosseto, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Sep 15;493:954-60. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.041. Epub 2014 Jul 6.
A stratified random sampling design was adopted to contrast sites with different ozone exposure levels (≤ 18,000 and >18,000 μg m(-3) h) in order to define whether and to what extent a relationship exists between potential risk (estimated by exposure to ozone) and the response of Viburnum lantana L. in terms of foliar symptoms. The study was designed over a meso-scale (6200 km(2)), carried out in 2010 and repeated in 2012 on a subset of sites. No difference was found between the occurrences of symptoms in relation to soil moisture or plant size. Although no direct significant exposure-response function could be identified, when data were aggregated according to ozone exposure levels the symptoms (in terms of number of symptomatic plants and symptomatic leaves per plant) were found to be significantly more frequent at sites with higher exposure (AOT40>18,000 μg m(-3) h), especially at high elevations (>700 ma.s.l.). The 2012 results confirmed the 2010 findings. Although ozone levels in the region were almost similar between 2010 and 2012, symptoms were significantly less frequent in 2012. This was likely due to drier conditions in 2012 (+1.1 °C; -23% precipitation), a situation that may have prevented in part ozone uptake and therefore the expression of symptoms. These results are useful in several respects: (i) for identifying areas where ozone is likely to impact vegetation; (ii) for testing the appropriateness of EU standards to protect vegetation from ozone; and (iii) for designing biomonitoring surveys. We suggest that V. lantana is a suitable indicator for assessing qualitatively (but not quantitatively) the potential risk of ozone damage to vegetation over remote, large areas.
采用分层随机抽样设计，对比臭氧暴露水平不同的地点（≤18000 和 >18000μg m(-3) h），以确定潜在风险（通过臭氧暴露来估计）与 Viburnum lantana L. 的叶片症状反应之间是否存在关系，以及存在何种关系。该研究在中尺度（6200km(2))上进行，于 2010 年设计，并于 2012 年在部分地点重复进行。症状的发生与土壤湿度或植物大小之间没有发现差异。虽然无法确定直接的显著暴露-反应关系，但当根据臭氧暴露水平汇总数据时，发现症状（以出现症状的植物数量和每株植物出现症状的叶片数为指标）在暴露水平较高的地点（AOT40>18000μg m(-3) h）更为频繁，尤其是在高海拔地区（>700ma.s.l.）。2012 年的结果证实了 2010 年的发现。尽管该地区 2010 年和 2012 年的臭氧水平几乎相似，但 2012 年的症状明显较少。这可能是由于 2012 年的干燥条件（+1.1°C；-23%降水），这种情况部分可能阻止了臭氧的吸收，从而减少了症状的表现。这些结果在几个方面都很有用：（i）识别臭氧可能影响植被的区域；（ii）测试欧盟标准在保护植被免受臭氧影响方面的适宜性；（iii）设计生物监测调查。我们建议，V. lantana 是一种合适的指标，可用于定性（但不是定量）评估臭氧对植被造成潜在危害的风险，适用于偏远、大面积地区。
