Lenz Bryan B, Jack Katharine M, Spironello Wilson R
Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118; Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Cx. 2223, Petrópolis, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2014 Nov;155(3):436-46. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22590. Epub 2014 Aug 14.
While much is known about abiotic and vegetative edge effects in tropical forests, considerably less is known about the impact of forest edges on large mammals. In this study, we examine edge effects in a primate community to determine: 1) the distance from the edge over which edge effects in primate density are detectable, 2) whether individual species exhibit edge effects in their density, and 3) whether biological characteristics can be used to predict primate presence in edge habitats. Given their importance to many primate species, we also examine the influence of the number of large trees. We found edge penetration distances of 150 m for the five species that experienced edge effects, suggesting that primates respond to edge-related changes in the plant community that are known to be strongest over the first 150 m. Four species had higher edge densities: Alouatta macconnelli (folivore-frugivore), Chiropotes chiropotes (frugivorous seed predator), Saguinus midas (frugivore-faunivore), and Sapajus apella apella (frugivore-faunivore); one species' density was lower: Ateles paniscus (frugivore); and the final species, Pithecia chrysocephala (frugivorous seed predator), did not show an edge-related pattern. The lone significant relationship between the biological characteristics examined (body weight, diet, group size, and home range size) and primate presence in edge habitats was a negative relationship with the amount of fruit consumed. Though we did not examine primate responses to edges that border a denuded matrix, we have shown that edges influence primate distribution even following decades of secondary forest regeneration at habitat edges.
虽然我们对热带森林中的非生物和植被边缘效应了解很多，但对森林边缘对大型哺乳动物的影响了解得要少得多。在本研究中，我们研究了一个灵长类动物群落中的边缘效应，以确定：1）在灵长类动物密度方面可检测到边缘效应的距离范围；2）个别物种在其密度上是否表现出边缘效应；3）生物特征是否可用于预测灵长类动物在边缘栖息地的存在情况。鉴于大树数量对许多灵长类物种的重要性，我们还研究了大树数量的影响。我们发现，经历边缘效应的五个物种的边缘渗透距离为150米，这表明灵长类动物会对植物群落中与边缘相关的变化做出反应，而这些变化在最初的150米内最为强烈。有四个物种在边缘的密度较高：马氏蛛猴（食叶 - 食果动物）、白喉卷尾猴（食果种子捕食者）、侏狨（食果 - 食虫动物）和黑帽卷尾猴（食果 - 食虫动物）；一个物种的密度较低：长毛蛛猴（食果动物）；最后一个物种，金头伶猴（食果种子捕食者），未表现出与边缘相关的模式。所研究的生物特征（体重、饮食、群体大小和活动范围大小）与灵长类动物在边缘栖息地的存在之间唯一显著的关系是与果实消耗量呈负相关。虽然我们没有研究灵长类动物对与光秃基质接壤的边缘的反应，但我们已经表明，即使在栖息地边缘经过数十年的次生林再生之后，边缘仍然会影响灵长类动物的分布。
