Cowan-Ellsberry Christina, Belanger Scott, Dorn Philip, Dyer Scott, McAvoy Drew, Sanderson Hans, Versteeg Donald, Ferrer Darci, Stanton Kathleen
CE Consulting, LLC, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA.
Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Sep;44(17):1893-1993. doi: 10.1080/10739149.2013.803777.
This paper brings together over 250 published and unpublished studies on the environmental properties, fate, and toxicity of the four major, high-volume surfactant classes and relevant feedstocks. The surfactants and feedstocks covered include alcohol sulfate or alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE), and long-chain alcohol (LCOH). These chemicals are used in a wide range of personal care and cleaning products. To date, this is the most comprehensive report on these substance's chemical structures, use, and volume information, physical/chemical properties, environmental fate properties such as biodegradation and sorption, monitoring studies through sewers, wastewater treatment plants and eventual release to the environment, aquatic and sediment toxicity, and bioaccumulation information. These data are used to illustrate the process for conducting both prospective and retrospective risk assessments for large-volume chemicals and categories of chemicals with wide dispersive use. Prospective risk assessments of AS, AES, AE, LAS, and LCOH demonstrate that these substances, although used in very high volume and widely released to the aquatic environment, have no adverse impact on the aquatic or sediment environments at current levels of use. The retrospective risk assessments of these same substances have clearly demonstrated that the conclusions of the prospective risk assessments are valid and confirm that these substances do not pose a risk to the aquatic or sediment environments. This paper also highlights the many years of research that the surfactant and cleaning products industry has supported, as part of their environmental sustainability commitment, to improve environmental tools, approaches, and develop innovative methods appropriate to address environmental properties of personal care and cleaning product chemicals, many of which have become approved international standard methods.
本文汇集了250多项已发表和未发表的研究，这些研究涉及四大类高产量表面活性剂及其相关原料的环境特性、归宿和毒性。所涵盖的表面活性剂和原料包括硫酸醇或醇硫酸盐（AS）、醇乙氧基硫酸盐（AES）、直链烷基苯磺酸盐（LAS）、醇乙氧基化物（AE）和长链醇（LCOH）。这些化学品被广泛用于个人护理和清洁产品中。迄今为止，这是关于这些物质的化学结构、用途和用量信息、物理/化学性质、生物降解和吸附等环境归宿特性、通过下水道、污水处理厂的监测研究以及最终向环境中的释放、水生和沉积物毒性以及生物累积信息的最全面报告。这些数据用于说明对大量化学品和广泛分散使用的化学品类别进行前瞻性和回顾性风险评估的过程。对AS、AES、AE、LAS和LCOH的前瞻性风险评估表明，这些物质尽管使用量极大且广泛释放到水生环境中，但在当前使用水平下对水生或沉积物环境没有不利影响。对这些相同物质的回顾性风险评估清楚地表明，前瞻性风险评估的结论是有效的，并确认这些物质不会对水生或沉积物环境构成风险。本文还强调了表面活性剂和清洁产品行业多年来所支持的研究，作为其环境可持续性承诺的一部分，旨在改进环境工具、方法，并开发适用于解决个人护理和清洁产品化学品环境特性的创新方法，其中许多方法已成为经批准的国际标准方法。
