Bertoni Neilane, Burnett Chantal, Cruz Marcelo Santos, Andrade Tarcisio, Bastos Francisco I, Leal Erotildes, Fischer Benedikt
Int J Equity Health. 2014 Aug 28;13(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s12939-014-0070-x.
Studies have shown important gender differences among drug (including crack) users related to: drug use patterns; health risks and consequences; criminal involvement; and service needs/use. Crack use is prevalent in Brazil; however, few comparative data by sex exist. We examined and compared by sex key drug use, health, socio-economic indicators and service use in a bi-city sample of young (18-24 years), regular and marginalized crack users in Brazil.
Study participants (total n = 159; n = 124 males and n = 35 females) were recruited by community-based methods from impoverished neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. Assessments occurred by an anonymous interviewer-administered questionnaire and serum collection for blood-borne virus testing between November 2010 and June 2011. Descriptive statistics and differences for key variables by sex were computed; in addition, a 'chi-squared automatic interaction detector' ('CHAID') analysis explored potential primary factors differentiating male and female participants.
Most participants were non-white, and had low education and multiple income sources. More women had unstable housing and income from sex work and/or panhandling/begging, whereas more men were employed. Both groups indicated multi-year histories of and frequent daily crack use, but virtually no drug injection histories. Men reported more co-use of other drugs. More women were: involved in sex-for-drug exchanges; blood-borne virus (BBV) tested and HIV+. Both groups reported similar physical and mental health patterns; however women more commonly utilized social or health services. The CHAID analysis identified sex work; paid work; begging/panhandling; as well as physical and mental health status (all at p < 0.05) as primary differentiating factors by sex.
Crack users in our study showed notable differences by sex, including socio-economic indicators, drug co-use patterns, sex risks/work, BBV testing and status, and service utilization. Results emphasize the need for targeted special interventions and services for males and female crack users in Brazil.
研究表明，吸毒（包括快克可卡因）者之间存在重要的性别差异，涉及：吸毒模式；健康风险与后果；犯罪活动；以及服务需求/使用情况。快克可卡因的使用在巴西很普遍；然而，按性别划分的比较数据却很少。我们对巴西两个城市中年龄在18至24岁之间、经常吸食且处于边缘地位的年轻快克可卡因使用者样本，按性别检查并比较了关键的吸毒、健康、社会经济指标及服务使用情况。
通过社区招募的方式，从里约热内卢和萨尔瓦多的贫困社区招募了研究参与者（总数n = 159；男性n = 124，女性n = 35）。在2010年11月至2011年6月期间，由匿名访员通过问卷调查及采集血清进行血源性病毒检测。计算了关键变量按性别的描述性统计数据及差异；此外，还进行了“卡方自动相互作用探测器”（“CHAID”）分析，以探究区分男性和女性参与者的潜在主要因素。
大多数参与者为非白人，教育程度低且有多种收入来源。更多女性住房不稳定，收入来自性工作和/或街头乞讨，而更多男性有工作。两组均表示有多年频繁每日吸食快克可卡因的历史，但几乎没有药物注射史。男性报告更多同时使用其他药物的情况。更多女性：参与以性换毒交易；接受血源性病毒（BBV）检测且感染艾滋病毒呈阳性。两组报告的身心健康模式相似；然而，女性更常使用社会或健康服务。CHAID分析确定性工作、有偿工作、乞讨/街头行乞以及身心健康状况（所有p < 0.05）为按性别划分的主要差异因素。
我们研究中的快克可卡因使用者在性别方面存在显著差异，包括社会经济指标、药物同时使用模式、性风险/工作、BBV检测及状况以及服务利用情况。结果强调巴西需要针对男性和女性快克可卡因使用者开展有针对性的特殊干预措施和服务。
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