High thoracic epidural in cardiac anesthesia: a review.

High thoracic epidural analgesia (HTEA) offers a distinctive opportunity to enhance postoperative recovery for the thoracic surgery patient. In the modern hospital setting with day of admission surgery, the logistics of insertion of the epidural catheter has become increasingly difficult. The greatest limitation to its use might be the believed increased risk of epidural hematoma associated with anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of this review is to give an overview of complications and effect on outcomes with focus on cardiac performance and postoperative glycemic control and kidney function. Patients with epidurals may have improved postoperative pulmonary function and shorter ventilation time, while impact on length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital is not as evident. HTEA is effective in pain management, attenuates perioperative stress and seems to improve postoperative blood glucose control. Whether HTEA improves recovery and facilitates fast-track is still to be confirmed. With regard to serious postoperative complications, there is evidence of reduction in supraventricular arrhythmias and lower frequency of postoperative acute kidney injury and dialysis. There are some indications of lower short term mortality and frequency of postoperative myocardial infarctions, but only as a combined outcome. The present short-term mortality of 1% to 2% should be compared with the most pessimistic frequency of epidural hematoma being 1 in 4600 patients.