Xavier Anna L, Menezes João R L, Goldman Steven A, Nedergaard Maiken
Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Laboratório de Neuroanatomia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Oct 19;369(1654):20130593. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0593.
Microglia constitute as much as 10-15% of all cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and are the only glial cells that do not arise from the neuroectoderm. As the principal CNS immune cells, microglial cells represent the first line of defence in response to exogenous threats. Past studies have largely been dedicated to defining the complex immune functions of microglial cells. However, our understanding of the roles of microglia has expanded radically over the past years. It is now clear that microglia are critically involved in shaping neural circuits in both the developing and adult CNS, and in modulating synaptic transmission in the adult brain. Intriguingly, microglial cells appear to use the same sets of tools, including cytokine and chemokine release as well as phagocytosis, whether modulating neural function or mediating the brain's innate immune responses. This review will discuss recent developments that have broadened our views of neuro-glial signalling to include the contribution of microglial cells.
小胶质细胞占哺乳动物中枢神经系统（CNS）所有细胞的10% - 15%，是唯一并非起源于神经外胚层的神经胶质细胞。作为中枢神经系统主要的免疫细胞，小胶质细胞是对外源威胁作出反应的第一道防线。过去的研究主要致力于明确小胶质细胞复杂的免疫功能。然而，在过去几年里，我们对小胶质细胞作用的理解有了根本性的扩展。现在很清楚，小胶质细胞在发育中和成年的中枢神经系统中对神经回路的形成以及在成年大脑中对突触传递的调节都起着关键作用。有趣的是，无论调节神经功能还是介导大脑的固有免疫反应，小胶质细胞似乎都使用相同的一套工具，包括细胞因子和趋化因子的释放以及吞噬作用。本综述将讨论最近的进展，这些进展拓宽了我们对神经胶质信号传导的认识，将小胶质细胞的作用也涵盖其中。
