Li Zihan, Wu Jiarui, Zhao Tianyuan, Wei Yiyun, Xu Yajing, Liu Zongjian, Li Xiaoqiong, Chen Xuechai
Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2024 Feb 15;18:1296205. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1296205. eCollection 2024.
Due to the increased crewed spaceflights in recent years, it is vital to understand how the space environment affects human health. A lack of gravitational force is known to risk multiple physiological functions of astronauts, particularly damage to the central nervous system (CNS). As innate immune cells of the CNS, microglia can transition from a quiescent state to a pathological state, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to neuroinflammation. There are reports indicating that microglia can be activated by simulating microgravity or exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Consequently, microglia may play a role in the development of neuroinflammation during spaceflight. Prolonged spaceflight sessions raise concerns about the chronic activation of microglia, which could give rise to various neurological disorders, posing concealed risks to the neural health of astronauts. This review summarizes the risks associated with neural health owing to microglial activation and explores the stressors that trigger microglial activation in the space environment. These stressors include GCR, microgravity, and exposure to isolation and stress. Of particular focus is the activation of microglia under microgravity conditions, along with the proposal of a potential mechanism.
由于近年来载人航天飞行增多，了解太空环境如何影响人类健康至关重要。众所周知，缺乏重力会危及宇航员的多种生理功能，尤其是对中枢神经系统（CNS）的损害。作为中枢神经系统的固有免疫细胞，小胶质细胞可从静止状态转变为病理状态，释放促炎细胞因子，导致神经炎症。有报道表明，小胶质细胞可通过模拟微重力或暴露于银河宇宙射线（GCR）而被激活。因此，小胶质细胞可能在太空飞行期间神经炎症的发展中起作用。长时间的太空飞行引发了对小胶质细胞慢性激活的担忧，这可能导致各种神经疾病，对宇航员的神经健康构成潜在风险。本综述总结了小胶质细胞激活与神经健康相关的风险，并探讨了在太空环境中触发小胶质细胞激活的应激源。这些应激源包括银河宇宙射线、微重力以及暴露于隔离和压力环境。特别关注的是微重力条件下小胶质细胞的激活，并提出了一种潜在机制。
