Seco Joao, Clasie Ben, Partridge Mike
Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Phys Med Biol. 2014 Oct 21;59(20):R303-47. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/20/R303. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
The enormous advances in the understanding of human anatomy, physiology and pathology in recent decades have led to ever-improving methods of disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Many of these achievements have been enabled, at least in part, by advances in ionizing radiation detectors. Radiology has been transformed by the implementation of multi-slice CT and digital x-ray imaging systems, with silver halide films now largely obsolete for many applications. Nuclear medicine has benefited from more sensitive, faster and higher-resolution detectors delivering ever-higher SPECT and PET image quality. PET/MR systems have been enabled by the development of gamma ray detectors that can operate in high magnetic fields. These huge advances in imaging have enabled equally impressive steps forward in radiotherapy delivery accuracy, with 4DCT, PET and MRI routinely used in treatment planning and online image guidance provided by cone-beam CT. The challenge of ensuring safe, accurate and precise delivery of highly complex radiation fields has also both driven and benefited from advances in radiation detectors. Detector systems have been developed for the measurement of electron, intensity-modulated and modulated arc x-ray, proton and ion beams, and around brachytherapy sources based on a very wide range of technologies. The types of measurement performed are equally wide, encompassing commissioning and quality assurance, reference dosimetry, in vivo dosimetry and personal and environmental monitoring. In this article, we briefly introduce the general physical characteristics and properties that are commonly used to describe the behaviour and performance of both discrete and imaging detectors. The physical principles of operation of calorimeters; ionization and charge detectors; semiconductor, luminescent, scintillating and chemical detectors; and radiochromic and radiographic films are then reviewed and their principle applications discussed. Finally, a general discussion of the application of detectors for x-ray nuclear medicine and ion beam imaging and dosimetry is presented.
近几十年来，在对人体解剖学、生理学和病理学的理解方面取得了巨大进展，这带来了疾病预防、诊断和治疗方法的不断改进。其中许多成就至少部分得益于电离辐射探测器的进步。多层CT和数字X射线成像系统的应用彻底改变了放射学，卤化银胶片在许多应用中现已基本过时。核医学受益于更灵敏、更快和更高分辨率的探测器，从而提供了质量越来越高的单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）图像。伽马射线探测器的发展使得PET/MR系统得以实现，这种探测器能够在高磁场中运行。成像技术的这些巨大进步在放射治疗的输送精度方面也取得了同样令人瞩目的进展，四维CT、PET和MRI通常用于治疗计划以及由锥形束CT提供的在线图像引导。确保安全、准确和精确地输送高度复杂的辐射场这一挑战既推动了辐射探测器的进步，也受益于这些进步。已经基于非常广泛的技术开发了用于测量电子、调强和调强弧形X射线、质子和离子束以及近距离放射治疗源周围剂量的探测器系统。所进行的测量类型同样广泛，包括调试和质量保证、参考剂量测定、体内剂量测定以及个人和环境监测。在本文中，我们简要介绍了通常用于描述离散探测器和成像探测器的行为及性能的一般物理特性。然后回顾了量热计、电离和电荷探测器、半导体、发光、闪烁和化学探测器以及放射变色和射线照相胶片的物理工作原理，并讨论了它们的主要应用。最后，对探测器在X射线核医学、离子束成像和剂量测定中的应用进行了一般性讨论。
