Institute for Ocean Conservation Science and School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000; email:
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2015;7:547-70. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730. Epub 2014 Sep 18.
The overexploitation of sharks has become a global environmental issue in need of a comprehensive and multifaceted management response. Tracking studies are beginning to elucidate how shark movements shape the internal dynamics and structure of populations, which determine the most appropriate scale of these management efforts. Tracked sharks frequently either remain in a restricted geographic area for an extended period of time (residency) or return to a previously resided-in area after making long-distance movements (site fidelity). Genetic studies have shown that some individuals of certain species preferentially return to their exact birthplaces (natal philopatry) or birth regions (regional philopatry) for either parturition or mating, even though they make long-distance movements that would allow them to breed elsewhere. More than 80 peer-reviewed articles, constituting the majority of published shark tracking and population genetic studies, provide evidence of at least one of these behaviors in a combined 31 shark species from six of the eight extant orders. Residency, site fidelity, and philopatry can alone or in combination structure many coastal shark populations on finer geographic scales than expected based on their potential for dispersal. This information should therefore be used to scale and inform assessment, management, and conservation activities intended to restore depleted shark populations.
过度捕捞鲨鱼已成为一个全球性的环境问题，需要采取全面和多方面的管理措施来应对。追踪研究开始阐明鲨鱼的运动方式如何塑造种群的内部动态和结构，而这又决定了这些管理工作最合适的规模。被追踪的鲨鱼经常会在一个有限的地理区域内长时间停留（居留），或者在进行长途迁徙后返回之前居住过的区域（地点忠诚度）。遗传研究表明，某些物种的一些个体优先返回其确切的出生地（出生地亲代）或出生地区域（区域亲代）进行分娩或交配，即使它们进行长途迁徙，本可以在其他地方繁殖。超过 80 篇经过同行评审的文章，构成了已发表的鲨鱼追踪和种群遗传研究的大部分内容，这些文章提供了证据表明，在来自八个现存目中的六个目的 31 种鲨鱼中，至少有一种行为表现出上述三种行为中的一种或多种。居留、地点忠诚度和亲代都可以单独或组合方式，在比预期的扩散能力更精细的地理尺度上构建许多沿海鲨鱼种群。因此，应该利用这些信息来调整和通知旨在恢复枯竭鲨鱼种群的评估、管理和保护活动。
