Liu Yong, Su Chao, Zhang Hong, Li Xiaoting, Pei Jingfei
Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
PLoS One. 2014 Sep 24;9(9):e105798. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105798. eCollection 2014.
Many studies indicated that industrialization and urbanization caused serious soil heavy metal pollution from industrialized age. However, fewer previous studies have conducted a combined analysis of the landscape pattern, urbanization, industrialization, and heavy metal pollution. This paper was aimed at exploring the relationships of heavy metals in the soil (Pb, Cu, Ni, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Zn) with landscape pattern, industrialisation, urbanisation in Taiyuan city using multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis included correlation analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent-sample T test, and principal component analysis (PCA). Geographic information system (GIS) was also applied to determine the spatial distribution of the heavy metals. The spatial distribution maps showed that the heavy metal pollution of the soil was more serious in the centre of the study area. The results of the multivariate analysis indicated that the correlations among heavy metals were significant, and industrialisation could significantly affect the concentrations of some heavy metals. Landscape diversity showed a significant negative correlation with the heavy metal concentrations. The PCA showed that a two-factor model for heavy metal pollution, industrialisation, and the landscape pattern could effectively demonstrate the relationships between these variables. The model explained 86.71% of the total variance of the data. Moreover, the first factor was mainly loaded with the comprehensive pollution index (P), and the second factor was primarily loaded with landscape diversity and dominance (H and D). An ordination of 80 samples could show the pollution pattern of all the samples. The results revealed that local industrialisation caused heavy metal pollution of the soil, but such pollution could respond negatively to the landscape pattern. The results of the study could provide a basis for agricultural, suburban, and urban planning.
许多研究表明，自工业化时代以来，工业化和城市化导致了严重的土壤重金属污染。然而，以往较少有研究对景观格局、城市化、工业化和重金属污染进行综合分析。本文旨在运用多变量分析方法，探讨太原市土壤中的重金属（铅、铜、镍、砷、镉、铬、汞和锌）与景观格局、工业化和城市化之间的关系。多变量分析包括相关性分析、方差分析（ANOVA）、独立样本t检验和主成分分析（PCA）。还应用地理信息系统（GIS）来确定重金属的空间分布。空间分布图显示，研究区域中心的土壤重金属污染更为严重。多变量分析结果表明，重金属之间的相关性显著，工业化对某些重金属的浓度有显著影响。景观多样性与重金属浓度呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明，重金属污染、工业化和景观格局的双因素模型能够有效地揭示这些变量之间的关系。该模型解释了数据总方差的86.71%。此外，第一个因子主要载荷为综合污染指数（P），第二个因子主要载荷为景观多样性和优势度（H和D）。对80个样本进行排序可以显示所有样本的污染模式。结果表明，当地工业化导致了土壤重金属污染，但这种污染对景观格局有负面响应。研究结果可为农业、郊区和城市规划提供依据。
