Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 N.E. 151st Street, N. Miami, FL 33181, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60626, United States.
Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 N.E. 151st Street, N. Miami, FL 33181, United States.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Jan 1;502:252-65. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.027. Epub 2014 Sep 26.
A comprehensive probabilistic terrestrial ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted to characterize the potential risk of mosquito control insecticide (i.e., naled, it's metabolite dichlorvos, and permethrin) usage to adult butterflies in south Florida by comparing the probability distributions of environmental exposure concentrations following actual mosquito control applications at labeled rates from ten field monitoring studies with the probability distributions of butterfly species response (effects) data from our laboratory acute toxicity studies. The overlap of these distributions was used as a measure of risk to butterflies. The long-term viability (survival) of adult butterflies, following topical (thorax/wings) exposures was the environmental value we wanted to protect. Laboratory acute toxicity studies (24-h LD50) included topical exposures (thorax and wings) to five adult butterfly species and preparation of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). The ERA indicated that the assessment endpoint of protection, of at least 90% of the species, 90% of the time (or the 10th percentile from the acute SSDs) from acute naled and permethrin exposures, is most likely not occurring when considering topical exposures to adults. Although the surface areas for adulticide exposures are greater for the wings, exposures to the thorax provide the highest potential for risk (i.e., SSD 10th percentile is lowest) for adult butterflies. Dichlorvos appeared to present no risk. The results of this ERA can be applied to other areas of the world, where these insecticides are used and where butterflies may be exposed. Since there are other sources (e.g., agriculture) of pesticides in the environment, where butterfly exposures will occur, the ERA may under-estimate the potential risks under real-world conditions.
进行了全面的概率陆生生态风险评估（ERA），通过将实际蚊虫控制应用后环境暴露浓度的概率分布与我们实验室急性毒性研究中蝴蝶物种反应（效应）数据的概率分布进行比较，来描述佛罗里达州南部使用蚊虫控制杀虫剂（即奈丙威、其代谢物敌敌畏和氯菊酯）对成年蝴蝶的潜在风险。这些分布的重叠被用作蝴蝶风险的衡量标准。我们想要保护的是蝴蝶的长期生存（存活），即成年蝴蝶经局部（胸部/翅膀）暴露后的长期生存能力。实验室急性毒性研究（24 小时 LD50）包括对五种成年蝴蝶物种进行局部（胸部和翅膀）暴露以及物种敏感性分布（SSD）的制备。ERA 表明，当考虑到对成虫的局部暴露时，至少 90%的物种 90%的时间（或急性 SSD 的第 10 个百分位数）的保护评估终点不太可能发生急性奈丙威和氯菊酯暴露。虽然成虫杀虫剂暴露的面积较大，但胸部暴露提供了对成年蝴蝶的最高潜在风险（即 SSD 的第 10 个百分位数最低）。敌敌畏似乎没有风险。这项 ERA 的结果可以应用于世界其他使用这些杀虫剂且蝴蝶可能暴露于其中的地区。由于环境中还有其他来源（如农业）的农药，蝴蝶可能会在这些地方暴露，因此 ERA 可能会低估现实条件下的潜在风险。
