Hoskin Robert, Hunter Mike D, Woodruff Peter W R
Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Lab (SCANLAB), Academic Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Longley Centre, University of Sheffield, UK.
Br J Psychol. 2014 Nov;105(4):524-46. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12048. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
Both psychological stress and predictive signals relating to expected sensory input are believed to influence perception, an influence which, when disrupted, may contribute to the generation of auditory hallucinations. The effect of stress and semantic expectation on auditory perception was therefore examined in healthy participants using an auditory signal detection task requiring the detection of speech from within white noise. Trait anxiety was found to predict the extent to which stress influenced response bias, resulting in more anxious participants adopting a more liberal criterion, and therefore experiencing more false positives, when under stress. While semantic expectation was found to increase sensitivity, its presence also generated a shift in response bias towards reporting a signal, suggesting that the erroneous perception of speech became more likely. These findings provide a potential cognitive mechanism that may explain the impact of stress on hallucination-proneness, by suggesting that stress has the tendency to alter response bias in highly anxious individuals. These results also provide support for the idea that top-down processes such as those relating to semantic expectation may contribute to the generation of auditory hallucinations.
心理压力和与预期感觉输入相关的预测信号都被认为会影响感知，这种影响一旦受到干扰，可能会导致幻听的产生。因此，在健康参与者中，使用一项需要从白噪声中检测语音的听觉信号检测任务，研究了压力和语义预期对听觉感知的影响。研究发现，特质焦虑可以预测压力影响反应偏向的程度，结果是，在压力下，焦虑程度较高的参与者采用更宽松的标准，因此出现更多的误报。虽然发现语义预期会提高敏感性，但其存在也会使反应偏向朝着报告信号的方向转变，这表明错误的语音感知变得更有可能。这些发现提供了一种潜在的认知机制，通过表明压力倾向于改变高度焦虑个体的反应偏向，来解释压力对幻觉易感性的影响。这些结果也为如下观点提供了支持，即诸如与语义预期相关的自上而下的过程可能会导致幻听的产生。
