Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
Histopathology. 2015 Jan;66(1):147-60. doi: 10.1111/his.12574.
Although anal cancer remains a relatively uncommon tumour its frequency is rising, especially in high-risk groups. It is now well recognized that anal squamous cell carcinoma, the largely predominant tumour type, shares many similarities with cancer of the uterine cervix, with a major role for oncogenic human papilloma viruses in both tumours. Anal squamous precancerous lesions have now to be classified with the same criteria and terminology as their cervical counterparts, by using the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) proposal. Only p16 protein is a useful marker in this setting at the present time. As most cases of anal cancer are treated by non-surgical procedures, pathology has a limited role in the staging of the disease, except for early lesions treated by local excision, and when the sentinel lymph node procedure is undertaken that is still under evaluation. A variety of other tumour types can occur more rarely, with difficult diagnostic issues, solved in most cases by immunohistochemistry.
虽然肛门癌仍然是一种相对罕见的肿瘤，但它的发病率正在上升，尤其是在高危人群中。现在已经清楚地认识到，肛门鳞状细胞癌是主要的肿瘤类型，与宫颈癌有许多相似之处，两种肿瘤中都有致癌的人类乳头瘤病毒的主要作用。肛门鳞状前病变现在必须按照同样的标准和术语进行分类，就像它们的宫颈对应物一样，使用下生殖道鳞状上皮术语（LAST）建议。目前，只有 p16 蛋白是这种情况下的一个有用标记。由于大多数肛门癌病例都是通过非手术治疗的，因此病理学在疾病分期中的作用有限，除了局部切除治疗的早期病变和正在评估中的前哨淋巴结手术。还有其他一些更罕见的肿瘤类型，其诊断问题也很棘手，在大多数情况下通过免疫组织化学可以解决。
