Williams Janet F, Burton Rosalinda Strano, Warzinski Suyen Schneegans
Pediatr Ann. 2014 Oct;43(10):410. doi: 10.3928/00904481-20140924-07.
The overall goal of adolescent development is personal emancipation through individuation. The parent is considered an adolescent's most powerful formative influence and role model regarding health attitudes, behavioral norms, and social boundaries. For adolescents, engaging in risk-taking behaviors can be a normal maturational "rewarding" response or a strategy to cope with perceived stress and express emotions. Effective stress management is an important skill set for the developing adolescent who may experiment with a range of unhealthy strategies for coping or personal expression despite their high potential for hazardous consequences. Parenting the adolescent poses the immense challenge of promoting the adolescent's development of life skills while enabling stimulating healthy opportunities during a time of increased access and vulnerability to risky choices, including substance use. Effective parenting includes consistency, communication, respect and safety-based boundaries as well as monitoring the adolescents' friends and activities, particularly media use. Not only are parents important in deterring, suspecting, and at times detecting their adolescents' substance use, they can facilitate the evaluation or interventions that may be needed to stop substance use, start recovery, and sustain it. The role of parents is to guide adolescents in developing strengths and resilience, and fulfilling their fullest life potential.
青少年发展的总体目标是通过个性化实现个人解放。在健康态度、行为规范和社会界限方面，父母被认为是青少年最具影响力的塑造因素和榜样。对青少年来说，冒险行为可能是一种正常的成熟“奖励”反应，或是应对感知到的压力和表达情绪的一种策略。有效的压力管理是青少年成长过程中的一项重要技能，尽管他们尝试的一系列不健康应对或个人表达策略可能会带来严重后果，但他们仍有可能这样做。养育青少年带来了巨大挑战，即在青少年接触风险选择（包括物质使用）的机会增加且易受影响的时期，既要促进他们生活技能的发展，又要提供有益健康的机会。有效的养育方式包括保持一致、沟通、尊重以及基于安全的界限，还要监督青少年的朋友和活动，特别是媒体使用情况。父母不仅在阻止、怀疑以及有时发现青少年的物质使用方面很重要，他们还能推动可能需要的评估或干预措施，以停止物质使用、开始康复并维持康复状态。父母的角色是引导青少年培养优势和恢复力，充分发挥他们的生活潜能。
