A comprehensive review of myelodysplastic syndrome patients with autoimmune diseases.

Primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous clonal hemopoietic disorders clinically presented with a varying degree of peripheral cytopenias and an increased probability of leukemic evolution. A distinct subset of MDS patients manifests overt autoimmune-inflammatory manifestations, the underlying pathogenesis and prognostic significance of which still remain controversial. In this review we attempt to analyze clinical aspects of MDS-related rheumatoid disease, and discuss pathophysiologic associations between autoimmunity and distorted BM function in preleukemic states in light of recent findings, in vivo and in vitro. We further explore the potential of recent biological and molecular advances to forward therapeutic targeting against both autoimmune and malignant process.