Herrojo Ruiz María, Hong Sang Bin, Hennig Holger, Altenmüller Eckart, Kühn Andrea A
Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin Berlin, Germany.
Department of Physics, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge, MA, USA.
Front Psychol. 2014 Sep 25;5:1030. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01030. eCollection 2014.
Unintentional timing deviations during musical performance can be conceived of as timing errors. However, recent research on humanizing computer-generated music has demonstrated that timing fluctuations that exhibit long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) are preferred by human listeners. This preference can be accounted for by the ubiquitous presence of LRTC in human tapping and rhythmic performances. Interestingly, the manifestation of LRTC in tapping behavior seems to be driven in a subject-specific manner by the LRTC properties of resting-state background cortical oscillatory activity. In this framework, the current study aimed to investigate whether propagation of timing deviations during the skilled, memorized piano performance (without metronome) of 17 professional pianists exhibits LRTC and whether the structure of the correlations is influenced by the presence or absence of auditory feedback. As an additional goal, we set out to investigate the influence of altering the dynamics along the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical network via deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the LRTC properties of musical performance. Specifically, we investigated temporal deviations during the skilled piano performance of a non-professional pianist who was treated with subthalamic-deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) due to severe Parkinson's disease, with predominant tremor affecting his right upper extremity. In the tremor-affected right hand, the timing fluctuations of the performance exhibited random correlations with DBS OFF. By contrast, DBS restored long-range dependency in the temporal fluctuations, corresponding with the general motor improvement on DBS. Overall, the present investigations demonstrate the presence of LRTC in skilled piano performances, indicating that unintentional temporal deviations are correlated over a wide range of time scales. This phenomenon is stable after removal of the auditory feedback, but is altered by STN-DBS, which suggests that cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits play a role in the modulation of the serial correlations of timing fluctuations exhibited in skilled musical performance.
音乐表演过程中无意出现的时间偏差可被视为计时错误。然而，最近关于使计算机生成的音乐更具人性化的研究表明，表现出长程时间相关性（LRTC）的时间波动更受人类听众喜爱。这种偏好可以通过人类敲击和节奏表演中普遍存在的LRTC来解释。有趣的是，敲击行为中LRTC的表现似乎以个体特异性的方式由静息状态背景皮质振荡活动的LRTC特性驱动。在此框架下，本研究旨在调查17名专业钢琴家在熟练的、背谱钢琴演奏（无节拍器）过程中时间偏差的传播是否表现出LRTC，以及相关性结构是否受到听觉反馈存在与否的影响。作为一个额外目标，我们着手研究通过深部脑刺激（DBS）改变皮质-基底神经节-丘脑-皮质网络的动力学对音乐表演的LRTC特性的影响。具体而言，我们调查了一名因严重帕金森病接受丘脑底核深部脑刺激（STN-DBS）治疗、主要震颤影响其右上肢的非专业钢琴家在熟练钢琴演奏过程中的时间偏差。在受震颤影响的右手，演奏的时间波动在DBS关闭时表现出随机相关性。相比之下，DBS恢复了时间波动中的长程依赖性，这与DBS对运动的总体改善相对应。总体而言，本研究表明熟练的钢琴演奏中存在LRTC，表明无意的时间偏差在广泛的时间尺度上是相关的。这种现象在去除听觉反馈后是稳定的，但会被STN-DBS改变，这表明皮质-基底神经节-丘脑皮质回路在调节熟练音乐表演中表现出的时间波动的序列相关性方面发挥作用。
