Ide Satoshi
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo.
Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2014;90(8):259-77. doi: 10.2183/pjab.90.259.
Earthquake sources represent dynamic rupture within rocky materials at depth and often can be modeled as propagating shear slip controlled by friction laws. These laws provide boundary conditions on fault planes embedded in elastic media. Recent developments in observation networks, laboratory experiments, and methods of data analysis have expanded our knowledge of the physics of earthquakes. Newly discovered slow earthquakes are qualitatively different phenomena from ordinary fast earthquakes and provide independent information on slow deformation at depth. Many numerical simulations have been carried out to model both fast and slow earthquakes, but problems remain, especially with scaling laws. Some mechanisms are required to explain the power-law nature of earthquake rupture and the lack of characteristic length. Conceptual models that include a hierarchical structure over a wide range of scales would be helpful for characterizing diverse behavior in different seismic regions and for improving probabilistic forecasts of earthquakes.
地震源代表了深部岩石材料内部的动态破裂，通常可以建模为受摩擦定律控制的传播剪切滑动。这些定律为嵌入弹性介质中的断层面提供了边界条件。观测网络、实验室实验和数据分析方法的最新进展扩展了我们对地震物理学的认识。新发现的慢地震在性质上与普通快地震不同，并提供了关于深部缓慢变形的独立信息。已经进行了许多数值模拟来对快地震和慢地震进行建模，但问题仍然存在，尤其是在标度律方面。需要一些机制来解释地震破裂的幂律性质和特征长度的缺失。包含广泛尺度层次结构的概念模型将有助于表征不同地震区域的多样行为，并改进地震的概率预测。
