Smith Timothy D, Eiting Thomas P, Bonar Christopher J, Craven Brent A
School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania; Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2014 Nov;297(11):2093-104. doi: 10.1002/ar.23029.
The two major groups of primates differ in internal nasal anatomy. Strepsirrhines (e.g., lemurs) have more numerous turbinals and recesses compared with haplorhines (e.g., monkeys). Since detailed quantitative comparisons of nasal surface area (SA) have not been made, we measured mucosa in serially sectioned monkeys (Callithrix jacchus, Cebuella pygmaea). Data were compared with previously published findings on the mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus. The nasal airways were digitally reconstructed using computed tomography scanned heads of Cebuella and Microcebus. In addition, morphometric and functional analyses were carried out using segmented photographs of the histological sections of Cebuella and Microcebus. The SA of the ethmoturbinal complex is about half as large in marmosets compared with Microcebus, and is covered with less olfactory mucosa (18%-24% in marmosets, compared with ∼ 50% in Microcebus). Whereas the ethmoturbinal complex of Microcebus bears half of the total olfactory mucosa in the nasal airway, most (∼ 80%) olfactory mucosa is distributed on other surfaces in the marmosets (e.g., nasal septum). A comparison to previously published data suggests all primate species have less olfactory surface area (OSA) compared with other similar-sized mammals, but this is especially true of marmosets. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that there is a reduced OSA in at least some haplorhines, and this can be linked to diminished posterosuperior dimensions of the nasal fossae. However, haplorhines may have minimized their olfactory loss by redistributing olfactory mucosa on non-turbinal surfaces. Our findings also imply that airflow patterns in the olfactory region differ among primates.
灵长类动物的两大主要类别在鼻腔内部解剖结构上存在差异。与类人猿（如猴子）相比，原猴亚目动物（如狐猴）的鼻甲和鼻道更多。由于尚未对鼻表面积（SA）进行详细的定量比较，我们对连续切片的猴子（狨猴、侏狨）的黏膜进行了测量。将数据与先前发表的关于小鼠狐猴的研究结果进行了比较。使用侏狨和小鼠狐猴的计算机断层扫描头部对鼻气道进行了数字重建。此外，还使用侏狨和小鼠狐猴组织切片的分割照片进行了形态计量学和功能分析。与小鼠狐猴相比，狨猴的筛鼻甲复合体的表面积约为其一半，且覆盖的嗅觉黏膜较少（狨猴为18%-24%，而小鼠狐猴约为50%）。小鼠狐猴的筛鼻甲复合体承载了鼻气道中总嗅觉黏膜的一半，而在狨猴中，大部分（约80%）嗅觉黏膜分布在其他表面（如鼻中隔）。与先前发表的数据相比，表明所有灵长类物种与其他体型相似的哺乳动物相比，嗅觉表面积（OSA）都较小，但狨猴尤其如此。综上所述，这些发现支持了这样一种假设，即至少在一些类人猿中存在OSA减少的情况，这可能与鼻窝后上部尺寸减小有关。然而，类人猿可能通过将嗅觉黏膜重新分布在非鼻甲表面，最大限度地减少了嗅觉丧失。我们的研究结果还表明，灵长类动物嗅觉区域的气流模式存在差异。
