Smith Timothy D, Bhatnagar Kunwar P, Rossie James B, Docherty Beth A, Burrows Anne M, Cooper Gregory M, Mooney M P, Siegel M I
School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057, USA.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2007 Mar;290(3):215-37. doi: 10.1002/ar.20428.
Turbinals (scroll bones, turbinates) are projections from the lateral wall of the nasal fossa. These bones vary from simple folds to branching scrolls. Conventionally, maxilloturbinals comprise the respiratory turbinals, whereas nasoturbinals and ethmoturbinals comprise olfactory turbinals, denoting the primary type of mucosa that lines these conchae. However, the first ethmoturbinal (ETI) appears exceptional in the variability of it mucosal covering. Recently, it was suggested that the distribution of respiratory versus olfactory mucosae varies based on body size or age in strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises). The present study was undertaken to determine how the rostrocaudal distribution of olfactory epithelium (OE) versus non-OE scales relative to palatal length in strepsirrhines. Serially sectioned heads of 20 strepsirrhines (10 neonates, 10 adults) were examined for presence of OE on ETI, rostral to its attachment to the nasal fossa wall (lateral root). Based on known distances between sections of ETI, the rostrocaudal length of OE was measured and compared to the length lined solely by non-OE (primarily respiratory epithelium). In 13 specimens, the total surface area of OE versus non-OE was calculated. Results show that the length of non-OE scales nearly isometrically with cranial length, while OE is more negatively allometric. In surface area, a lesser percentage of non-OE exists in smaller species than larger species and between neonates and adults. Such results are consistent with recent suggestions that the olfactory structures do not scale closely with body size, whereas respiratory structures (e.g., maxilloturbinals) may scale close to isometry. In primates and perhaps other mammals, variation in ETI morphology may reflect dual adaptations for olfaction and endothermy.
鼻甲（鼻甲骨、鼻道）是鼻腔侧壁的突出结构。这些骨头从简单的褶皱到分支的螺旋状各不相同。传统上，上颌鼻甲构成呼吸鼻甲，而鼻鼻甲和筛鼻甲构成嗅觉鼻甲，这表明了覆盖这些鼻甲的主要黏膜类型。然而，第一块筛鼻甲（ETI）在其黏膜覆盖的变异性方面显得很特殊。最近，有人提出在狐猴型灵长类动物（狐猴和懒猴）中，呼吸黏膜与嗅觉黏膜的分布因体型或年龄而异。本研究旨在确定狐猴型灵长类动物中嗅觉上皮（OE）与非OE区域相对于腭长的前后分布情况。对20只狐猴型灵长类动物（10只新生儿，10只成年个体）的连续切片头部进行检查，以确定在ETI上，在其附着于鼻腔侧壁（外侧根）的前方是否存在OE。根据ETI各切片之间的已知距离，测量OE的前后长度，并与仅由非OE（主要是呼吸上皮）覆盖的长度进行比较。在13个标本中，计算了OE与非OE的总面积。结果表明，非OE区域的长度与颅长几乎呈等比例变化，而OE则呈更负的异速生长。在表面积方面，较小物种中非OE的比例比较大物种以及新生儿和成年个体之间的比例要小。这些结果与最近的观点一致，即嗅觉结构与体型的比例关系不紧密，而呼吸结构（如上颌鼻甲）可能接近等比例生长。在灵长类动物以及可能的其他哺乳动物中，ETI形态的变化可能反映了嗅觉和恒温的双重适应。
