Dreelin Erin A, Ives Rebecca L, Molloy Stephanie, Rose Joan B
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Center for Water Sciences, Michigan State University, 301 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Oct 14;11(10):10480-503. doi: 10.3390/ijerph111010480.
Cryptosporidium and Giardia pose a threat to human health in rural environments where water supplies are commonly untreated and susceptible to contamination from agricultural animal waste/manure, animal wastewater, septic tank effluents and septage. Our goals for this paper are to: (1) explore the prevalence of these protozoan parasites, where they are found, in what quantities, and which genotypes are present; (2) examine relationships between disease and land use comparing human health risks between rural and urban environments; and (3) synthesize available information to gain a better understanding of risk and risk management for rural water supplies. Our results indicate that Cryptosporidium and Giardia were more prevalent in rural versus urban environments based on the number of positive samples. Genotyping showed that both the human and animal types of the parasites are found in rural and urban environments. Rural areas had a higher incidence of disease compared to urban areas based on the total number of disease cases. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were both positively correlated (p < 0.001) with urban area, population size, and population density. Finally, a comprehensive strategy that creates knowledge pathways for data sharing among multiple levels of management may improve decision-making for protecting rural water supplies.
隐孢子虫和贾第虫对农村环境中的人类健康构成威胁，在这些地区，供水通常未经处理，容易受到农业动物粪便、动物废水、化粪池污水和污泥的污染。本文的目标是：（1）探究这些原生动物寄生虫的流行情况，它们在何处被发现、数量多少以及存在哪些基因型；（2）比较农村和城市环境中的人类健康风险，研究疾病与土地利用之间的关系；（3）综合现有信息，以更好地理解农村供水的风险和风险管理。我们的结果表明，根据阳性样本数量，隐孢子虫和贾第虫在农村环境中比在城市环境中更为普遍。基因分型显示，在农村和城市环境中均发现了寄生虫的人类和动物类型。根据疾病病例总数，农村地区的发病率高于城市地区。隐孢子虫病和贾第虫病均与城市地区、人口规模和人口密度呈正相关（p < 0.001）。最后，一项为多层次管理之间的数据共享创建知识路径的综合策略，可能会改善保护农村供水的决策。
