Chetverikov Andrey, Jóhannesson Ómar I, Kristjánsson Árni
a Department of Psychology , Saint Petersburg State University , Saint Petersburg , Russia.
Cogn Emot. 2015;29(6):1091-106. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2014.968097. Epub 2014 Oct 16.
Even without explicit positive or negative reinforcement, experiences may influence preferences. According to the affective feedback in hypotheses testing account preferences are determined by the accuracy of hypotheses: correct hypotheses evoke positive affect, while incorrect ones evoke negative affect facilitating changes of hypotheses. Applying this to visual search, we suggest that accurate search should lead to more positive ratings of targets than distractors, while for errors targets should be rated more negatively. We test this in two experiments using time-limited search for a conjunction of gender and tint of faces. Accurate search led to more positive ratings for targets as compared to distractors or targets following errors. Errors led to more negative ratings for targets than for distractors. Critically, eye tracking revealed that the longer the fixation dwell times in target regions, the higher the target ratings for correct responses, and the lower the ratings for errors. The longer observers look at targets, the more positive their ratings if they answer correctly, and less positive, following errors. The findings support the affective feedback account and provide the first demonstration of negative effects on liking ratings following errors in visual search.
即使没有明确的正向或负向强化，经历也可能影响偏好。根据假设检验中的情感反馈理论，偏好由假设的准确性决定：正确的假设引发积极情感，而错误的假设引发消极情感，从而促进假设的改变。将此应用于视觉搜索，我们认为准确的搜索应该使目标的评分比干扰项更积极，而对于错误情况，目标的评分应该更消极。我们在两个实验中对此进行了测试，实验中对性别和面部肤色组合进行限时搜索。与干扰项或错误之后的目标相比，准确的搜索使目标获得更积极的评分。错误导致目标的评分比干扰项更消极。至关重要的是，眼动追踪显示，在目标区域的注视停留时间越长，正确反应时目标的评分越高，错误时评分越低。观察者看目标的时间越长，如果他们回答正确，评分就越积极，而在出现错误时则不那么积极。这些发现支持了情感反馈理论，并首次证明了视觉搜索中的错误会对喜好评分产生负面影响。
