Pitarque Alfonso, Sales Alicia, Meléndez Juan Carlos, Algarabel Salvador
Department of Psychology-Methodology, University of Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
Scand J Psychol. 2015 Feb;56(1):38-44. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12168. Epub 2014 Oct 20.
Aging is accompanied by an increase in false alarms on recognition tasks, and these false alarms increase with repetition in older people (but not in young people). Traditionally, this increase was thought to be due to a greater use of familiarity in older people, but it was recently pointed out that false alarms also have a clear recollection component in these people. The main objective of our study is to analyze whether the expected increase in the rate of false alarms in older people due to stimulus repetition is produced by an inadequate use of familiarity, recollection, or both processes. To do so, we carried out an associative recognition experiment using pairs of words and pairs of images (faces associated with everyday contexts), in which we analyzed whether the repetition of some of the pairs increases the rate of false alarms in older people (compared to what was found in a sample of young people), and whether this increase is due to familiarity or recollection (using a remember-know paradigm). Our results show that the increase in false alarms in older people due to repetition is produced by false recollection, calling into question both dual and single-process models of recognition. Also, older people falsely recollect details of never studied stimuli, a clear case of perceptual illusions. These results are better explained in terms of source-monitoring errors, mediated by people's retrieval expectations.
衰老伴随着识别任务中错误警报的增加，并且这些错误警报在老年人中会随着重复而增加（但在年轻人中不会）。传统上，这种增加被认为是由于老年人更多地使用熟悉度，但最近有人指出，在这些人中错误警报也有明显的回忆成分。我们研究的主要目的是分析老年人中由于刺激重复导致的错误警报率预期增加是否是由于对熟悉度、回忆或这两个过程的使用不当所导致的。为此，我们使用单词对和图像对（与日常情境相关的面孔）进行了一项关联识别实验，在实验中我们分析了某些对的重复是否会增加老年人中的错误警报率（与在年轻人样本中发现的情况相比），以及这种增加是否是由于熟悉度或回忆（使用记得-知道范式）。我们的结果表明，老年人中由于重复导致的错误警报增加是由错误回忆产生的，这对识别的双重和单过程模型都提出了质疑。此外，老年人会错误地回忆从未学习过的刺激的细节，这是感知错觉的一个明显例子。这些结果根据由人们的检索预期介导的源监测错误能得到更好的解释。
