Ochola Sophie, Masibo Peninah Kinya
Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2014;64 Suppl 2:24-40. doi: 10.1159/000365125. Epub 2014 Oct 22.
School age and adolescence is a dynamic period of growth and development forming a strong foundation for good health and productive adult life. Appropriate dietary intake is critical for forming good eating habits and provides the much needed nutrients for growth, long-term health, cognition and educational achievements. A large proportion of the population globally is in the school age or adolescence, with more than three quarters of these groups living in developing countries. An up-to-date review and discussion of the dietary intake of schoolchildren and adolescents in developing countries is suitable to provide recent data on patterns of dietary intake, adequacy of nutrient intake and their implications for public health and nutrition issues of concern. This review is based on literature published from 2000 to 2014 on dietary intake of schoolchildren and adolescents aged 6-19 years. A total of 50 studies from 42 countries reporting on dietary intake of schoolchildren and adolescents were included. The dietary intake of schoolchildren and adolescents in developing countries is limited in diversity, mainly comprising plant-based food sources, but with limited intake of fruits and vegetables. There is a low energy intake and insufficient micronutrient intake. At the same time, the available data indicate an emerging trend of consumption of high-energy snacks and beverages, particularly in urban areas. The existence of a negative and positive energy balance in the same population points to the dual burden of malnutrition and highlights the emerging nutrition transition in developing countries. This observation is important for planning public health nutrition approaches that address the concerns of the two ends of the nutrition divide.
学龄期和青春期是生长发育的动态时期，为良好健康和富有成效的成年生活奠定坚实基础。适当的饮食摄入对于形成良好饮食习惯至关重要，并为生长、长期健康、认知和学业成就提供急需的营养。全球很大一部分人口处于学龄期或青春期，其中超过四分之三生活在发展中国家。对发展中国家学童和青少年的饮食摄入进行最新综述和讨论，有助于提供有关饮食摄入模式、营养摄入充足性及其对公共卫生和营养相关问题影响的最新数据。本综述基于2000年至2014年发表的关于6至19岁学童和青少年饮食摄入的文献。共纳入了来自42个国家的50项关于学童和青少年饮食摄入的研究。发展中国家学童和青少年的饮食摄入种类有限，主要以植物性食物来源为主，但水果和蔬菜摄入量有限。能量摄入较低，微量营养素摄入不足。与此同时，现有数据表明，尤其是在城市地区，高能量零食和饮料的消费呈上升趋势。同一人群中存在负能量平衡和正能量平衡，这表明营养不良的双重负担，并凸显了发展中国家正在出现的营养转型。这一观察结果对于规划解决营养差距两端问题的公共卫生营养方法很重要。
